Numerical simulation of molten pool dynamics in high power disk laser welding

A single-phase problem is solved rather than a multiphase problem for numerical simplicity: and the solution is based on the assumption that the region of gas or plasma can be treated as a void because solid or liquid steel has a greater density level than gas or plasma. The volume-of-fluid method, which can calculate the free surface shape of the keyhole, is used in conjunction with a ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the multiple reflections. Fresnel's reflection model is simplified by the Hagen-Rubens relation for handling a laser beam interaction with materials. Factors considered in the simulations include buoyancy force, Marangoni force and recoil pressure; furthermore, pore generation is simulated by means of an adiabatic bubble model, which can also lead to the phenomenon of a keyhole collapse. Models of the shear stress on the keyhole surface and of the heat transfer to the molten pool via a plasma plume are introduced in simulations of the weld pool dynamics. Analysis of the temperature profile characteristics of the weld bead and molten pool flow in the molten pool is based on the results of the numerical simulations. The simulation results are used to estimate the weld fusion zone shape; and the results of the simulated fusion zone formation are compared with the results of the experimental fusion zone formation and found to be in good agreement. The effects of laser beam profile (Gaussian vs. measured), vapor shear stress, vapor heat source and sulfur content on the molten pool behavior and fusion zone shape are analyzed.     

基于同轴视觉监测的激光深熔焊缝熔深监测

基于激光深熔焊接过程中稳态下小孔前壁材料气化满足的能量平衡以及在同轴视觉传感监测中提取出的小孔的径向尺寸建立了小孔深度的提取迭代方程,并基于小孔的深度实现了焊缝熔深的同轴视觉传感监测。试验结果表明：工件未焊透时,焊缝熔深的监测—计算值和试验测量值具有较好的一致性,其监测误差一般不超过12％;而工件完全焊透后,焊缝熔深的监测—计算值大于工件厚度,并基于此实现了工件是否焊透的判断。研究结果表明：基于同轴视觉传感和小孔前壁材料气化能量平衡建立的激光深熔焊缝熔深提取模型,可以有效实现激光深熔焊缝熔深的监测。     

Numerical simulation of full penetration laser welding of thick steel plate with high power high brightness laser

Full penetration laser welding was carried out on a 10 mm steel plate using a 16 kW maximum power continuous wave thin disk laser. Upper surface and lower surface of molten pool were observed synchronously with two high speed CCD cameras during the welding process. The lower surface was much longer and more unstable than the upper one. A three dimensional laser deep penetration welding model in which volume of fluid (VOF) method was combined with a ray-tracing algorithm was used to simulate the dynamic coupling between keyhole and molten pool in laser full penetration welding. The calculated weld cross-section morphology and molten pool length on both upper side and lower side agree well with experimental results. Evolution of molten pool in lower side during full penetration laser welding was analyzed, periodical features of energy coupling, molten pool behavior and keyhole dynamics in laser full penetration welding were identified and discussed.     

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with radial scanning: a post-acquisition keyhole approach

A method—PA-keyhole—for 2D/3D dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with radial scanning is proposed. PA-keyhole exploits the inherent strong oversampling in the center of k-space, which contains crucial temporal information regarding contrast evolution. The method is based on: (1) a rearrangement of the temporal order of 2D/3D isotropic distributions of trajectories during the scan into subdistributions according to the desired time resolution, (2) a new post-acquisition keyhole approach based on the replacement of the central disk/sphere in k-space using data solely from a subdistribution, and (3) reconstruction of 2D/3D dynamic (time-resolved) images using 2D/3D-gridding with Pipe's approach to the sampling density compensation and 2D/3D-IFFT. The scan time is not increased with respect to a conventional 2D/3D radial scan of the same spatial resolution; in addition, one benefits from the dynamic information. The abilities of PA-keyhole and the sliding window techniques to restore simulated dynamic contrast changes are compared. Results are shown both for 2D and 3D dynamic imaging using experimental data. An application to in-vivo ventilation of rat lungs using hyperpolarized helium is demonstrated. Electronic Publication     

Control of dynamic keyhole welding process

Weld joint penetration control is a basic research topic in the welding research community. The authors propose using an innovative plasma arc welding process referred to as the quasi-keyhole process to achieve less application-dependent weld joint penetration sensing and control. To control the quasi-keyhole process, the peak current and keyhole sustaining current are selected as the control variables to maintain the keyhole establishment and sustaining periods at desired values. The dynamic quasi-keyhole process is approximated by a linear model with interval parameters. A control algorithm has been developed for the multivariable interval quasi-keyhole process based on a predictive control algorithm for interval SISO models. Experiments have been conducted to test the effectiveness of the control system developed.     

受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统

穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中存在的一些问题制约了该工艺在现代工业中的推广和应用,如焊接工艺合理参数区间窄,可调裕度小,导致焊接过程中小孔的稳定性较差等。熔池的小孔行为是直接影响焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的关键因素,为拓展合理工艺参数范围,提高焊接过程稳定性和焊缝质量,研制出受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接控制系统。基于简易测试装置,实时采集焊接过程中的尾焰电压信号,可靠描述焊缝熔池穿孔与否以及小孔尺寸;采用受控脉冲穿孔的控制策略,适时调整峰值电流和基值电流的作用时间,使得小孔一直处于"准稳态"。实现"一脉一孔",但脉冲时间和基值电流并不固定,取决于每个脉冲过程小孔的建立时间和存在时间;保证穿孔,使小孔尺寸在预定值附近波动,并防止烧穿的发生;大幅拓展穿孔等离子弧焊接合理工艺参数区间。工艺试验结果表明,当工件散热条件和厚度发生变化时,控制系统能够迅速做出调节,运行稳定可靠,控制效果显著。     

Optimization of Plasma Arc Welding Parameters by Using the Taguchi Method with the Grey Relational Analysis

The optimal parameters process of plasma arc welding (PAW) by the Taguchi method with Grey relational analysis is studied. The Grey relational grade is used to find optimal PAW parameters with multiple response performance characteristics. The welding parameters (welding current, welding speed, plasma gas flow rate, and torch stand-off) are optimized with consideration of the multiple response performance characteristics (the penetration of root, the weld groove width, and the weld pool undercut). As a result, the improvement percentage of the Grey relational grade with the multiple performance characteristics is 31.8%. It is shown that the multiple response performance characteristics are greatly improved through this study.     

Effect of energy transfer modes on solidification cracking in pulsed laser welding

Abstract

In this study, solidification cracking in pulsed laser welding of fully austenitic, AISI Type 316 stainless steel has been analysed at different energy transfer modes. The pulse parameters have been selected appropriately to obtain conduction, transition and keyhole mode welds. Conduction and transition mode welds exhibit higher susceptibility to cracking than keyhole mode welds. It is observed that both heat input and energy transfer mode affect the cooling rate and hence influence solidification cracking. Microstructures of the fusion zone have been analysed, and the cooling rate experienced by the weld is estimated from the mean cell size in the weld. It is found that the critical cooling rate below which cracking does not occur is ～10⁴ K s^??1.     

保护区移动巡护系统

目前很多自然保护区的巡护工作仍然使用传统的巡护方式,严重影响了巡护工作效率.本文针对自然保护区的实际巡护工作需求,基于Android移动开发、Java Web开发、KML、位置服务（Location Based Service,LBS）等主要技术来构建保护区移动巡护系统,以取代传统的巡护方式.系统包括移动端采集系统和Web端管理系统.巡护人员使用移动端采集系统提高巡护信息采集的效率;保护区的管理人员使用Web系统对巡护数据进行高效管理,并及时了解巡护人员的工作情况和实时位置.系统已在多个保护区得到实际使用,并且取得了较好的应用效果.     

Refill friction stir spot welding of 5083-O aluminum alloy

In this work,refill friction stir spot welding(RFSSW) was used to weld 2 mm-thick 5083-O alloy.The Box–Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the effect of welding parameters on the joint lap shear property.Results showed that a surface indentation of 0.3 mm effectively eliminated the welding defects.Microhardness of the stir zone(SZ) was higher than that of the base material(BM) and the hardness decreased with increasing the heat input during welding.The optimum failure load of 7.72 k N was obtained when using rotating speed of 2300 rpm,plunge depth of 2.4 mm and refilling time of 3.5 s.Three fracture modes were obtained during the lap shear test and all were affected by the hook defect.