An active balancer with rapid bidirectional charge shuttling and adaptive equalization current control for lithium-ion battery strings

This article proposes an active balancer, which features bidirectional charge shuttling and adaptive equalization current control, to fast counterbalance the state of charge (SOC) of cells in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) string. The power circuit consists of certain bidirectional buck-boost converters to transfer energy among the different cells back and forth. Owing to the characterization of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) vs SOC in LIB being relatively smooth near the SOC middle range, the SOC-inspected balance strategy can achieve more precise and efficient equilibrium than the voltage-based control. Accordingly, a compensated OCV-based SOC estimation is put forward to take into account the discrepancy of SOC estimation. Besides, the varied-duty-cycle (VDC) and curve-fitting modulation (CFM) methods are devised herein to tackle the problems of slow equalization rate and low balance efficacy, which arise from the diminution in balancing current as the SOC difference between the cells decreases in the later duration of equalization especially. The proposed strategies have taken the battery nonlinear characteristic and circuit parameter nonideality into account and can adaptively modulate the duty cycle with the SOC difference to keep balancing current constant throughout the balancing cycle. Simulated and experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the same prototype constructed. Compared with the fixed duty cycle and the VDC methods, the proposed CFM has the best balancing efficiency of 81.4%, and the balance time is shortened by 27.1% and 18.6%, respectively.     

Ultrafine Sn nanocrystals in a hierarchically porous N-doped carbon for lithium ion batteries

We report a simple method of preparing a high performance,Sn-based anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).Adding H2O2 to an aqueous solution containing Sn2+ and aniline results in simultaneous polymerization of aniline and oxidation of Sn2+ to SnO2,leading to a homogeneous composite of polyaniline and SnO2.Hydrogen thermal reduction of the above composite yields N-doped carbon with hierarchical porosity and homogeneously distributed,ultrafine Sn particles.The nanocomposite exhibits excellent performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries,showing a high reversible specific capacity of 788 mAh·g-1 at a current density of 100 mA·g-1 after 300 cycles and very good stability up to 5,000 mA·g-1.The simple preparation method combined with the good electrochemical performance is highly promising to promote the application of Sn based anode materials.     

宽带多协议标记交换（MPLS）网络的原理及关键技术

多协议标记交换（MPLS）技术将网络层路由功能和数据链路层交换功能相结合,充分利用第三层和第二层功能,被认为是下一代Internet的基础技术,本文介绍了其基本原理和关键技术。     

Design and analysis of an aging‐aware energy management system for islanded grids using mixed‐integer quadratic programming

The rapid increase of renewable energy sources made coordinated control of the distributed and intermittent generation units a more demanded task. Matching demand and supply is particularly challenging in islanded microgrids. In this study, we have demonstrated a mixed‐integer quadratic programming (MIQP) method to achieve efficient use of sources within an islanded microgrid. A unique objective function involving fuel consumption of diesel generator, degradation in a lithium‐ion battery energy storage system, carbon emissions, load shifting, and curtailment of the renewable sources is constructed, and an optimal operating point is pursued using the MIQP approach. A systematic and extensive methodology for building the objective function is given in a sequential and explicit manner with an emphasis on a novel model‐based battery aging formulation. Performance of the designed system and a sensitivity analysis of resulting battery dispatch, diesel generator usage, and storage aging against a range of optimization parameters are presented by considering real‐world specifications of the Semakau Island, an island in the vicinity of Singapore.     

建筑结构CAD的实现

本文介绍一种利用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ、Ｐｌｏｔ库和Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ语言进行建筑结构设计的一般方法，论述了该方法的特点、设计思想、实现方法以及一些设计技巧．     

Biased Language Use in Stereotype Maintenance: The Role of Encoding and Goals.

In 4 studies, the authors investigated the relative impact of biased encoding of information and communication goals on biased language use. A category label (linguistic expectancy bias, Study 1) or a group label (linguistic intergroup bias, Study 2) was presented either before or after a story that participants were asked to communicate. Biased language use only emerged when participants learned about the group membership of the actor or the category label before hearing the story. However, communication goals had an effect on language use at the retrieval stage, independent of encoding (Studies 3 and 4). Although communication goal effects seemed to overwhelm encoding effects, encoding still influenced language use under externally imposed time pressure (Study 3) and self-imposed time constraints (Study 4). This research reaffirms the importance of both cognitive and communicative processes in stereotype maintenance and highlights the conditions under which they each operate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Platon: a university local area network

Platon is a local area network set up in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Ottawa, operating at 1 Mbit/s and interconnecting departmental computers, terminals, peripherals, various instruments and the university mainframe. The primary objective of Platon is to facilitate network evolution and provide resource sharing by supporting various application protocols such as database access and file transfer. In addition, Platon is intended to serve as a research vehicle for distributed systems studies. To this end, a packet-voice system and a packet-radio gateway are concurrently being developed. Platon has adopted the bus architecture, using a coaxial cable with CSMA/CD as its access protocol. Retransmissions of collided packets are scheduled using a linear incremental backoff (LIB) algorithm.     

电压稳定极限点的快速判定及其灵敏度算法

利用负荷裕度最大化的最优潮流计算结果,区分了电压稳定极限点,即鞍结分岔点和极限诱导分岔点,并求出了负荷裕度对控制变量的灵敏度。这种方法在求解极限点时避免了使用连续潮流法,在计算灵敏度时避免了求解潮流雅可比矩阵零特征值对应的左特征向量,节省了时间,适用于在线分析。极限点的计算过程中考虑了有功出力的再调度,充分挖掘了系统的潜在裕度。系统算例验证了所提方法的实用性和灵敏度线性估计的准确性。     

Prediction of dynamic voltage stability status based on Hopf and limit induced bifurcations using extreme learning machine

Evaluation of voltage stability status considering its dynamic boundaries is a key issue for saving global stability of power systems. However, this evaluation is a computationally demanding task and its implementation is very hard (if not impossible) for on-line environments such as dispatching centers of power systems. In this paper, a new viewpoint for the problem based on modeling it as a forecast process is proposed, which can be implemented with a low computation burden for practical power systems. For this purpose, a voltage stability classification model considering Hopf and limit induced bifurcations is proposed and a new forecast strategy to predict voltage stability class label based on the proposed classification is suggested. The suggested forecast strategy is composed of an information theoretic feature selection technique, extreme learning machine (ELM) as the forecast engine and a line search procedure to fine-tune the settings. The effectiveness of the proposed classification model and forecast strategy is extensively illustrated on the New England 39-bus and IEEE 145-bus test systems.     

电压稳定分析中潮流方程鞍结点分岔与极限诱导分岔的比较研究

基于潮流方程模型的分岔分析是电力系统电压稳定静态分析的有用工具,其中潮流方程的鞍结点分岔和极限诱导分岔是两种不同的导致电压崩溃的分岔现象。文章从数学上与物理实际两个方面来比较这两种分岔的相同与不同点,以有助于理解并区分两种不同的电压崩溃现象。通过两个算例IEEE 57节点和IEEE 118节点系统,从数值结果方面说明了上述理论分析结果。