Design criterion for fatigue strengthening of riveted beams in a 120-year-old railway metallic bridge using pre-stressed CFRP plates

This study presents a design criterion developed for fatigue strengthening of a 120-year-old metallic railway bridge in Switzerland and presents a pre-stressed un-bonded reinforcement (PUR) system developed to apply the strengthening. The PUR system uses carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates; however, unlike conventional pre-stressed CFRP reinforcement methods, preparation of the existing metallic bridge surface is not required. This decreases the time required for on-site strengthening procedures. The principle of the constant life diagram (CLD) and two fatigue failure criteria (Johnson and Goodman) are described. Analytical formulations are developed based on the CLD method to determine the minimum CFRP pre-stress level required to prevent fatigue crack initiation. The PUR system uses an applied pre-stress force to reduce the mean stress level (and stress ratio) to shift an existing fatigue-susceptible metallic detail from the ‘at risk’ finite life regime to the ‘safe’ infinite life regime. The applied CLD method is particularly valuable when the stress history of the detail is not known and it is difficult to assess the remaining fatigue life. Moreover, it is shown that the currently adopted approach in many structural codes which emphasizes stress range as the dominant parameter influencing fatigue life are non-conservative for tension–tension stress patterns (i.e., stress ratios of 0 < R < 1). Analyses show that the modified Johnson formula accurately reflects the combined effect of stress range, mean stress level, and material properties, and offers a relatively easy design procedure. Details of a retrofit field application on members of a riveted wrought iron railway bridge are given. A wireless sensor network (WSN) system is used for long-term monitoring of the on-site CFRP stress levels and temperature of the retrofitted details. WSN measurements indicate that increases in ambient temperature result in increased CFRP pre-stress levels.     

Experiences from using heat integration software to determine retrofit opportunities within a refinery process

Heat integration techniques can be used to optimize the energy requirement for both new and retrofit plant designs. Software tools for identifying retrofit options are becoming available. This paper reports our experiences from using heat exchanger network (HEN) optimization software for a retrofit case study of an oil refinery process. The HEN optimization software was used to automate the search for the most beneficial retrofit designs following the twostage process proposed by Asante and Zhu. The software provided three potential retrofit designs. Results from this analysis were used as the basis of a rigorous mass and energy balance simulation of the plant. The simulation corroborated the energy savings, but there were some important differences. The simulation required 20% more heat exchange area. Furthermore, the retrofit design involving one topology change was shown to be less economic than an alternative design. These differences are discussed and a revised methodology is proposed.     

Numerical optimization of strengthening disturbed regions of dapped-end beams using NSM and EBR CFRP

This paper presents a parametric investigation, based on non-linear finite element modeling, to identify the most effective configuration of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) dapped-end beams. Following a field application and laboratory tests, it focuses on effects of 24 externally bonded (EBR) and near surface mounted reinforcement (NSMR) configurations on yield strain in steel and the capacity and failure mode of dapped-end beams. The investigated parameters were the mechanical properties of the CFRP, the strengthening procedure and the inclination of the fibers with respect to the longitudinal axis. Two failure scenarios were considered: rupture and debonding of the FRP. The results indicate that high-strength NSM FRPs can considerably increase the capacity of dapped-end beams and the yielding strains in reinforcement can be substantially reduced by using high modulus fibers.     

Energy performance of traditional bath buildings

This paper presents the results of a recent research effort to collect and analyze data pertaining to traditional bath buildings (“hammams”) in Egypt, Turkey, Morocco, Syria, and Algeria. Thereby, the energy performance of and the thermal comfort conditions in five such buildings were studied. Moreover, empirically calibrated building performance simulation models of a number of objects were generated in order to predict the consequences of alternative thermal retrofit measures. The results provide the opportunity for an objective assessment of the actual energy and indoor environmental performance of these buildings.     

腈纶压滤机液压系统的技术改造

针对腈纶压滤机保压效果差、能耗高及漏胶严重等问题,对其原有液压系统进行了技术改造。设计出定位准确、保压效果好的节能型液压系统;为减少油液泄漏而污染环境,设计出双层结构的封闭式油箱。结合可编程控制器(PLC)实现了压滤机的安全和方便操作。     

辽河油田天然气压缩机的改造设计

对辽河油田天然气压缩机在不改变外壳和转速的情况下进行了减少流量、增加压比的改造设计 ,改造后的压缩机运行平稳、可靠 ,完全达到了性能要求     

Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology

This paper reviews existing case studies and methods for calibrating whole building energy models to measured data. This research describes a systematic, evidence-based methodology for the calibration of these models. Under this methodology, parameter values in the final calibrated model reference the source of information used to make changes to the initial model. Thus, the final model is based solely on evidence. Version control software stores a complete record of the calibration process, and the evidence on which the final model is based. Future users can review the changes made throughout the calibration process along with the supporting evidence. In addition to the evidence-based methodology, this paper also describes a new zoning process that represents the real building more closely than the typical core and four perimeter zone approach. Though the methodology is intended to apply to detailed calibration studies with high resolution measured data, the primary aspects of the methodology (evidence-based approach, version control, and zone-typing) are independent of the available measured data.     

电站煤粉锅炉燃烧设备改造及燃烧优化

简要介绍了菏泽电厂#2锅炉燃烧器和卫燃带改造的前提和内容以及改造后的燃烧优化方案,并对改造后的效果进行了分析。     

干气密封在丙烷泵上的应用

对丙烷泵的机械密封进行改造,通过对比分析,设计制造出了适合轻烃类介质使用的干气密封及其控制系统,工业运行获得成功。     

基于现有结构的空压机的改造设计

针对无法完全发挥效能的某厂二手空压机设备 ,结合厂方提出的改造目标 ,提出可在现有总体结构布置的情况下 ,采用通流能力好的三元叶轮、增加流道宽度等措施进行结构改造。经编制热力设计程序进行分析计算 ,结果表明这一方案切实可行