Environmental etch damage to automotive coatings, and scratch and mar of these coatings are an important element of customer satisfaction as well as a significant warranty repair consideration for automotive companies. The conditions that result in environmental etch are examined and a laboratory test proposed. Data from this test are compared to automotive hoods exposed in Florida. The performance of various crosslinking chemistries is discussed and the requirements for improved environmental etch are outlined. Scratch and mar performance of these systems is also reviewed. We have found that coatings respond to physical stress by elastic recovery, by plastic flow and by brittle fracture. Classifying types of damage in this way is important for understanding the chemistry needed for improved scratch and mar of coatings. 相似文献
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is in a period of rapid development. It shows great promise for characterizing coating surfaces. This paper describes modification of an SPM so that it can be used to mar the surfaces of coatings under controlled conditions and to characterize the mars. Mar resistance of coatings is analyzed in terms of a ‘three response, two mechanism model.' The three responses (fracture, elastic, and plastic) can be measured quantitatively using the SPM. Of the three responses, only two (fracture and plastic deformation) are marring mechanisms – elastic deformations recover instantaneously. In some cases mars resulting from plastic deformation may recover slowly with time or with immersion in water; this phenomenon is attributed to viscoelastic creep. Microhardness is also measured with the modified SPM. Some thermoset coatings appear to be substantially harder near their surfaces than in the mass of material, and such materials may respond quite differently to stress applied at different levels near the surface. This finding has important implications for all coating properties that are strongly influenced by the surface. A quantity called ‘micro mar resistance' is defined. It may be useful for comparing different coatings under specified conditions of marring. However, there can be no single quantity that expresses ‘mar resistance' of a coating under all conditions. 相似文献
Friction and wear resistance are two vital tribological properties of polymer-based materials but optimization of both is rarely attempted. We have investigated blends of 70 wt% poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)+30% ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, the latter either un-irradiated or else γ-irradiated. Each sample contained varying amounts of carbon black (CB) and also had a varied degree of crosslinking and irradiation dose. We have determined static and dynamic friction, scratch resistance, and sliding wear in multiple scratching tests. Effects of the irradiation dose and CB concentration have been quantified. The electric conductivity threshold is reflected in a drop of static friction; formation of a continuous phase of the lubricant affects tribology as well as electrical properties—both for irradiated and for un-irradiated samples. The scratch resistance as represented by the residual (healing) depth is affected by crosslinking, by the stage at which irradiation is applied (before or after blending) and by CB addition. Crosslinking by moderate amounts of irradiation provides shallower residual depths while higher doses cause adverse results. Similarly, the CB lubricant can either improve or worsen the scratch resistance. A combination of both approaches produces either better or else worse results than crosslinking alone. Lower friction seems accompanied by higher scratch resistance. A combination of a specific irradiation dose and an optimized CB concentration lowers the sliding wear significantly. Strain hardening in sliding wear determination takes place for all materials studied, irrespective of the extent or radiation-induced crosslinking and of the presence and concentration of carbon black. 相似文献
Scratch durability of polymer surfaces and coatings is becoming critical for the increasing use of these materials in new applications, replacing other materials with harder surfaces.
Scratch resistance of polymers has been the subject of numerous studies, which have led to specific definitions for plastic deformation characterization and fracture resistance during scratch testing. Viscoelastic and viscoplastic behavior during a scratch process have been related to dynamic mechanical properties that can be measured via dynamic nano-indentation testing. Yet, the understanding of the origin of the fracture process of a polymer during scratch remains approximate. Parameters like tip shape and size, scratch velocity and loading rate, applied strain and strain rates, have been considered critical parameters for the fracture process, but no correlation has been clearly established.
The goal of this work is to define and analyze scratch parameters that relate to mechanical properties. The evolution of scratch resistance parameters as a function of temperature and strain rate, compared to the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties obtained from indentation and uniaxial tensile tests over a range of temperature for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) helped in identifying a correlation between the tensile stress–strain behavior and scratch fracture toughness.
This correlation brings a new understanding of the origin of the fracture mechanisms during a scratch process. In particular, it is demonstrated that the characteristic strain applied by the indenter is a most relevant parameter to describe the fracture resistance during a scratch process, independently of the indenter geometry. 相似文献