Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

Quasi-static and dynamic crushing behaviors of aluminum and steel tubes with a cutout

Tubular members are commonly used as an energy absorber in engineering structures and many such members have a cutout. In this study, the crushing behaviors of tubes with a cutout are characterized and the effects of cutout on the energy absorption capabilities of these tubes are quantified. Systematic parametric studies were carried out to study the effect of material properties, including yield and ultimate strength of material, strain rate effect, location of cutout, tube length and impact speed on the crushing behaviors and energy absorption capacity of aluminum and steel tubes. First, a numerical model was constructed with a commercial explicit finite element code. It will be first proven that the numerical simulation can produce sufficiently accurate results in an economic manner. Subsequently, the crushing behavior of aluminum and steel tubes with a cutout was experimentally characterized and their energy absorption capacity was evaluated in terms of mean crushing force, peak crushing force and specific energy absorption (SEA). Tubes of various lengths with a cutout located at different locations, subject to both quasi-static and dynamic impact loadings were considered. For steel tubes, the numerical simulation investigated the influence of the strain rate effect and variation in strain hardening ratio of the material. Empirical equations describing the mean and peak crushing forces of aluminum and steel tubes with a cutout were developed using linear and nonlinear regression methods applied to the results obtained from the numerical and experimental studies.     

A method for evaluating the mechanical performance of thin-walled titanium tubes

A method which was developed to compare the stress–strain properties of three types of thin-walled, commercially pure titanium tubes is presented. The tubes were of types intended for use in large heat-exchanger applications and were to be subjected to significant plastic deformation during subsequent assembly processes. It had been anticipated that small differences in chemical composition and tube-drawing treatment would produce quite different characteristics. It is known that the properties of titanium can exhibit considerable degrees of anisotropy, especially for wrought products; although axial properties of the materials could be evaluated using standard test equipment and procedures, a novel testing system had to be designed to allow the circumferential properties to be assessed. Significant differences between tube types were observed and anisotropic material behaviour was apparent.     

大型管壳式换热器管-管板连接的可靠性措施

从材料性能、管孔的结构及加工要求、管与管板的连接形式等影响换热器管与管板连接接头强度的因素出发 ,结合乙烯大型换热器E EA12 3F的制造提出了管与管板连接接头的可靠性措施     

Robust model predictive control using tubes

A form of feedback model predictive control (MPC) that overcomes disadvantages of conventional MPC but which has manageable computational complexity is presented. The optimal control problem, solved on-line, yields a ‘tube’ and an associated piecewise affine control law that maintains the controlled trajectories in the tube despite uncertainty; computational complexity is linear (rather than exponential) in horizon length. Asymptotic stability of the controlled system is established.     

碳纳米管/纳米TiO2-聚苯胺复合膜电极的制备及电容性能研究

用循环伏安法，在含有0．2mol／L苯胺的0．5mol／L硫酸溶液中，以50mv／s的扫描速度，在-0．1-0．9V的范围内实现了苯胺在Ti基碳纳米管／纳米TiO2电极上的电化学聚合，并用循环伏安（CV）法和电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）对制备的碳纳米管／纳米TiO2-聚苯胺（CNT／nanoTiO2-PAn）复合膜电极的电化学性质进行了表征，同时进一步对该电极的充放电性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，此条件下得到的PAn膜电极具有良好的导电性，同时具有疏松、多孔的网络结构；充放电测试研究表明，基于CNT／TiO2基体上的PAn膜的面积比电容在放电电流密度为2．5mA／cm^2时达到了833mF／cm^2,说明有很好的电容性能，可以作为超级电容器的电极材料。     

Seismic Performance of Concrete-Filled FRP Tube Columns for Bridge Substructure

A set of column-footing subassemblies were prepared to investigate construction feasibility and seismic performance of structural joints for concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFT) as bridge substructure. Based on the common practices of the precast industry and previous research on CFFT, the test matrix included a control reinforced concrete (RC) column and three CFFT columns, all with similar RC footings. The three CFFT columns included a cast-in-place CFFT column with starter bars, a precast CFFT column with grouted starter bars, and a precast CFFT column with unbonded posttensioned rods. The columns were subjected to a constant axial load and a pseudostatic lateral load. All proposed joints proved feasible in construction and robust under extreme load conditions. FRP tube, when secured properly in the footing, showed great influence on the seismic performance of the column by providing both longitudinal reinforcement and hoop confinement to the core concrete. The CFFT columns exhibited significant improvement over traditional RC columns in both ultimate strength and ductility. The study also showed that practices of the precast concrete industry can be easily and effectively implemented for the CFFT column construction.     

Influence of Die Angle on Containerless Extrusion of Commercially Pure Titanium Tubes

Containerless tube extrusion has been investigated with commerically pure titanium at room temperature and a strain rate of 0.07 s^-1 using 20 conical dies of five different strains and four different angles with MoS₂ lubricant. Theoretical punch pressures have been calculated using appropriate equations from slab analysis of the process and compared with experimentally determined punch pressures. It is found that there exists an optimum angle at which the punch pressure is the least at a given strain.     

蒸汽发生器隔板和传热管束的水力学载荷分析

蒸汽发生器（ＳＧ）隔板和传热管束的水力学载荷分析ＳＧ隔板和传热管设计的基础，本文介绍了采用法国，ＡＴＨＩＳ和ＦＯＲＣＥＴ程序以及大亚湾核电站输入数据，对秦山二期ＳＧ在ＬＯＣＡ事故时隔板所受的最大压力和传热管束所受的最大水平载荷进行的建模和分析计算，并将计算结果与法马通过的计算结果进行了比较，比较结果表明，两者符合较好，对秦山二期ＳＧ而言其隔板设计的最大压差为８．０ＭＰａ，传热管束设计的最大水平力为     

Material ductility of very high strength (VHS) circular steel tubes in tension

This paper investigates the material ductility of very high strength (VHS) circular steel tubes under tension in terms of the ultimate strength to the yield stress ratio, the percentage elongation, the fracture to ultimate load ratio and the ultimate to yield strain ratio. 15 tensile coupon tests and 12 full section tests on VHS tubes were carried out. The tested VHS tubes have a diameter ranging from 31.8 mm to 75 mm with wall thickness ranging from 1.6 mm to 2.0 mm. The non-heat-treated tubes, which were used to make VHS tubes, were also tested for comparison purposes. Different failure modes were observed for VHS tubes and non-heat-treated tubes. The ultimate strength to yield stress ratio of VHS tubes was compared with that of various cold-formed hollow sections, sheet steels and quenched and tempered steels. The test results were compared with ductility requirements in various codes. It has shown that the VHS tubes satisfied the material ductility requirement specified in the Australian/New Zealand Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structures AS/NZS4600.