Study on dislocation density,microstructure, and mechanical properties of P92 steel for different heat treatment conditions

The impact of various heat treatment procedures on microstructure, dislocation density, hardness, tensile characteristics, and impact toughness of P92 steel was examined in the current experiment. The martensitic microstructure and average microhardness of 463 HV 0.2±8 HV 0.2 of the normalized steel were prevalent. A tempering procedure was carried out at 760 °C for a range of 2 hours to 6 hours. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction examination was carried out, and the results were used to determine the dislocation density. The normalized sample was characterized by a high dislocation density. The dislocation density was decreased by tempering of normalized samples. With an increase in tempering time, the effect of the treatment coarsened the grains, precipitates, and decreased the area fraction of precipitates. After tempering, MX, M₂₃C₆, and M₇C₃ types precipitates were found to have precipitated, according to energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction research. The ideal tempering period was determined to be 4 hours at a tempering temperature of 760 °C based on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Steel that was tempered at 760 °C for 4 hours had a yield strength of 472 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 668.02 MPa, and an elongation of 26.05 %, respectively.     

Use of citric and lactic acids in ice to enhance quality of two fish species during on-board chilled storage

This work focused on the on-board chilled storage of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis). To enhance fish quality, an aqueous solution including citric (1.25 g l⁻¹) and lactic (0.50 g l⁻¹) acids was prepared, frozen, ground and employed as icing medium. Its effect on sensory, microbiological and chemical changes was monitored after 9, 12 and 15 days of on-board storage. Lower (p < 0.05) bacterial growth was detected according to microbiological (aerobe, anaerobe, psychrotrophe, proteolytic, and Enterobacteriaceae counts) and chemical (trimethylamine content) assessments. An inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on autolysis development (K value assessment) in hake was also detected. Finally, an enhancement of sensory scores (eyes, external odour and gills) in both species was obtained. Results described allow to conclude that on-board employment of such acid-mixture icing system can provide a profitable strategy to obtain higher quality and safe products while unloading.     

Anforderungen an die Wärmedämmung der Gebäudehülle: ein Vergleich zwischen EnEV 2009 und EnEV 2007

Im Hinblick auf die Anforderungen an die Dämmung der Gebäudehülle hat sich ein Wechsel der Bezugsgrößen und Abhängigkeiten von der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) 2007 zur EnEV 2009 vollzogen. Deshalb ist ein direkter Vergleich der beiden Vorschriften, zumindest bei Neubauten, nicht ohne weiteres möglich. Im folgenden Artikel wird die Möglichkeit eines allgemein gültigen Vergleichs der beiden Anforderungsniveaus untersucht. Daraus lassen sich für den Planer Schlüsse im Hinblick auf die Einhaltung der Anforderungen und deren Auswirkung auf den Entwurf und die Konstruktion ziehen. Abschnitt 1 behandelt dabei den Neubau von Wohngebäuden, Abschnitt 2 den Neubau von Nichtwohngebäuden und Abschnitt 3 die Bestandsgebäude. Comparison of the heat insulation requirements for building envelopes between EnEV 2007 and EnEV 2009. The heat insulation requirements for building envelopes depending on reference values and various conditions have been changed from EnEV 2007 (German Building Energy Conservation Ordinance) to EnEV 2009. Therefore, a direct comparison of both regulations is not possible, especially for new buildings. In this article the possibility of a generally valid comparison of both requirement levels is examined. Conclusions for the design of residential buildings, commercial buildings and refirbishment of existing buildings are given.     

Zur Feuchteproblematik in Eissporthallen

Aufgrund vieler Untersuchungen zur Standsicherheit von Eissporthallen wurde festgestellt, dass diese in unterschiedlichem Maße saniert werden müssen. Die Holzfeuchtigkeit der Tragkonstruktionen betrug meistens langanhaltend über 20 %. Daher wurden Untersuchungen zu den Ursachen hoher Holzfeuchten in Eissporthallen durchgeführt. Eine der Ursachen liegt in dem Strahlungsaustausch zwischen der Hallendecke und der Eisfläche. Zu dieser Problematik wurden Versuche durchgeführt und daraus mögliche Verbesserungsvorschläge für Eissporthallen abgeleitet. About the humidity problem in ice rinks. After expertising the structural safety of several ice rinks, it was detected that the constructions of several buildings have to be redeveloped. The long lasting wood moisture of the main structure was predominantly over 20 %. Therefore research into the reason of high wood moisture in ice rinks was made. One fact is the exchange of radiation between the ceiling and the ice. This problem was analysed in tests and suggestions for improvement are made.