急性炎性疾病患者乳酸林格氏液液体动力学

目的:探索炎性疾病患者的乳酸林格氏液（Ringer's lactate,RL）液体动力学特征以及炎性生物标记物是否可以作为协变量影响RL分布和排泄。方法:本研究为前瞻性队列研究。选择40例美国麻醉医师分级（ASA）I-II级，腹腔镜下择期胆囊切除术（胆囊炎组，n=20）或者腹腔镜下急诊阑尾切除术（阑尾炎组，n=20）。所有患者麻醉诱导前开始输注RL，按15 mL/kg，35 min内输毕。采用酶联免疫（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）方法测定血浆炎症（TNF-α,IL-10和CRP）或者内皮损伤生物标记物（syndecan-1,SDC-1）；利用血红蛋白（Hb）稀释-时间曲线和尿量，使用Phoenix软件，采用非线性混合效应模型分析计算RL液体动力学参数和协变量的影响。结果:与胆囊炎组相比，阑尾炎组RL从组织间隙到血浆的转运速率常数（k21）显著降低（14×10-3min-1 versus 35×10-3min-1;P=0.012）。阑尾炎组C反应蛋白（CRP）升高［中位数38.1(1.8-143.6) μg/mL versus 1.3(0.1-159.0) μg/mL;P<0.001］；与清醒状态相比，麻醉期间（输液开始后30～45 min），液体从中央室中到外周室的转运速率常数（k12）显著增加（57×10-3min-1 versus 32×10-3min-1；P<0.01）。清除速率常数（k10）降低90%（0.6×10-3min-1 versus 5.3×10-3min-1;P<0.001）。无论在清醒状态还是麻醉状态下低血压均能降低液体清除；炎症或者内膜损伤的生物标记物不能作为显著影响RL液体动力学参数的协变量。结论:阑尾炎或者胆囊炎患者术前输入液体后“炎症反应的生物标记物”不是RL的液体动力学的协变量，但是两组患者中，全身麻醉期间输入液体的清除率下降。     

Kinetic behaviour of muscle LDH immobilized in nylon tubing

Immobilization was carried out of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from rabbit muscle (EC 1.1.1.27), cross-linked through the bifunctional reactive glutar-aldehyde on to nylon tubing (1 m long, 53cm² internal surface area). Immobilized LDH inactivation kinetics are of first order (t_1/2 = 3·6 years, k = 5·4,e^?4 day^?1 to 5°C). The smaller effect of pH on activity than in the case of LDH in solution can be explained on the basis of limitation to proton diffusion towards the support. A limiting effect to free external diffusion of the substrate towards and products from the support was also observed, an effect which seems to determine the effective kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. The apparent optimum temperature is centred around 40°C, observing a clear inactivation (thermal denaturation) above this temperature. In the temperature range studied (10–40°C), the co-existence was seen of a kinetic control accompanied by another control, involving diffusional transport of substrates and products, on the global activity of the immobilized enzyme. This makes the Arrhenius profiles curvilinear. Both graphic and statistical non-linear regression analysis of the kinetic data—rate, v, versus substrate concentration [S]—carried out under conditions in which the diffusional limitations can be considered negligible (high recirculation flow rate), permitted investigation of the intrinsic kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. In this sense, it can be deduced that the rate equation to which these data seem to be fitted is of the polynomial quotient type in [S] of minimum degree 2:2. Although the diffusional limitations have a marked effect on the type of global kinetics shown by immobilized LDH, temperature was not found to affect its v[S] behaviour. The experimental evidence obtained thus indicates that the rate equation in the 10-40°C temperature range continues to be a rational equation of at least degree 2:2 in [S].     

The Effect of Lactates on the Quality of Microwave-Cooked Chicken Patties during Storage

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding 3.3% sodium lactate (SL), 0.25% calcium lactate (CL), and 1.65% SL along with 0.125% CL (SL+CL) on the physicochemical properties, cooking characteristics, and microbiological quality of microwave-cooked chicken patties compared to control (no added lactates). The addition of lactates did not affect the proximate composition of cooked chicken patties. The pH of CL- or SL+CL-containing patties was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced compared to control or SL patties. The SL-containing patties had lower ( P < 0.05) a _w values compared to control or CL patties. The CL- or SL+CL-containing patties had lower denatured myoglobin and higher ( P < 0.05) cooking yield, surface redness (CIE a *), and chroma values. However, addition of CL alone resulted in higher total expressible fluid, indicating lower water-holding capacity. The CL-containing patties exhibited lower Warner–Bratzler shear force values and higher ( P < 0.05) penetrometer reading compared to the SL-containing patties, indicating soft texture. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in all lactate-containing patties compared to control up to the 7th day of refrigerated storage under aerobic conditions. No difference ( P > 0.05) was observed in aerobic plate counts between control and lactate-added patties during 28-d storage.     

一种高效无污染合成丙酮酸乙酯的新方法

研究了由次氯酸钠和溴化钠催化氧化乳酸乙酯合成丙酮酸乙酯新工艺。并通过正交试验设计方法 ,得出最佳实验操作条件 :温度为 30℃以下 ,反应时间为 8h ,溴化钠与乳酸乙酯的摩尔比为 1∶2 ,盐酸与溴化钠的摩尔比为1∶1. 4,不采用光照 ,并由此得到丙酮酸乙酯最好收率为 82 . 86 %(文献值为 80 . 2 %) ,乳酸乙酯的转化率为10 0 %。     

氯化铁催化乳酸的酯化作用

报道了氯化铁水合物催化乳酸和醇的酯化作用制备了１５种乳酯。     

中空纤维超滤膜去除乳酸钙中蛋白质的研究

发酵法联合生产乳酸-乳酸钙工艺中,分离出的乳酸钙产品含有蛋白质、还原糖、重金属等杂质,影响产品的品质。本实验研究了中空纤维膜对乳酸钙中蛋白质的去除,并分析了压差、温度、浓度及pH值等因素的影响。得到了较好的工艺操作条件为Δp=0.05MPa,Δ=30g/L,30°C,pH=4。进一步提出用多步超滤能提高蛋白质的去除率15%～27%。     

A modified consensus approach to mutagenesis inverts the cofactor specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is specific for NAD+. There have been several attempts to alter the cofactor specificity of this enzyme, but these have yielded enzymes with relatively low activities that still largely prefer NAD+. A modified consensus approach was used to create a library of phylogenetically preferred amino acids situated near the cofactor binding site, and variants were screened for their ability to utilize NMN+. A triple mutant (Mut31) was discovered that proved to be more catalytically efficient than wild-type. Mut31 was also better at utilizing NAD+ than the wild-type enzyme and was weakly active with NADP+ and NMN+. An analysis of single amino acid substitutions suggested that all three mutations worked in a concerted fashion to yield robust cofactor utilization. When two previously identified amino acid substitutions were introduced into the Mut31 background, the resultant quintuply substituted enzyme not only utilized NADP+ far better than the wild-type enzyme, it actually inverted its preference for NAD+ and NADP+.     

The relation between cycling time to exhaustion and anaerobic threshold

Abstract

This study investigated whether the anaerobic threshold (AnT) could be used to predict prolonged work capacity measured as cycling time to exhaustion (= endurance time) and which factors, in addition to relative exercise intensity, could explain variation in endurance time. Theoretical exercise intensities corresponding to certain endurance times were also calculated. The hyperbolic and exponential functions between cycling time and relative work rate (WR[%]), as well as between cyling time and relative oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O₂[%]) were fitted to the pooled data (n = 45) of 17 subjects. The WR(%) and [Vdot]O₂ (%) were expressed as a percentage of the subject's own AnT- and maximum -values. At WR corresponding to AnT (i.e., 70% of WR_max) an average subject could cycle 60 min according to both AnT- or maximum-related exponential function. When prediction was done for an endurance time of 4 h, the AnT-related exponential function gave 2·9%-units ( = 11 W or ～0·15 O₂1 · min^?1) lower intensity level (51% of WR_max than the maximum-related function (54% of WR_max). The WR(%) alone explained 54% and 70% of the variation in endurance time of the AnT-related and maximum-related exponential functions, respectively. Muscle fibre composition and initial blood lactate or relative muscle glycogen depletion (change in muscle glycogen as percentage) increased significantly the explanatory power of these models. The differences between the observed and expected exercise times correlated with blood lactate accumulation (r = ?0·42; p < 0·01), muscle fibre composition (r = 0·33; p < 0·05) and relative muscle glycogen depletion (r = 0·67; p < 0·01). It was concluded that the capacity for prolonged work measured as cycling time to exhaustion can be estimated by AnT-related power output, and that the exponential function model is the most suitable. Prediction power of the model can be improved by multiple regressions including muscle fibre composition, initial blood lactate level and relative muscle glycogen depletion.     

以淀粉废水为原料的乳酸钙发酵工艺研究

对利用小麦淀粉废水发酵生产乳酸钙的工艺条件进行了研究，确定了小麦淀粉双酶法糖化、乳酸发酵和产品提取的最适工艺条件     

催化乳酸铵酯化的改性树脂的制备与表征

为降低酯化催化剂的制备成本,提高催化酯化反应的性能,以磺酸型阳离子交换树脂和FeCl3·6H2O为原料,采用液固溶剂法制备了固体酸催化剂.利用XRF,FTIR,XRD,NH3-FTIR对催化剂进行表面酸性、元素含量等性质的测试表征.研究表明,FeCl3与阳离子交换树脂的Bronsted酸中心(SO3H)发生化学反应形成了新的Lewis酸中心,络合到树脂上的Fe3+量为11.8%.测试了催化剂促进乳酸铵和正丁醇酯化反应的催化活性,当催化剂用量为1.5%时,酯化率高达96.1%.