Microscopic and Macroscopic Growth Rates of Fatigue Cracks in Steels and Alloys under the Influence of Crack Closure

On the basis of the experimental data, we show that the difference between the macroscopic and microscopic fatigue crack growth rates in the second section of the kinetic diagram of fatigue fracture is caused by the effect of crack closure within the limits of its existence. We establish the relationships between the macroscopic and microscopic fatigue crack growth rates and the structure of the material in the second section of the diagram for various values of the load ratio with regard for the effect of crack closure and propose a procedure of examination of the fracture processes in structural materials based on the analysis of microscopic and macroscopic fatigue crack growth rates.     

Investigation of Centreline Segregation and Centreline Porosity in CC ‐ Slabs

Improvements of solidification processing in conventional or near net shape casting depend on sophisticated methods of macroscopic examination of central unsoundness and inhomogeneity of the cast material. As long as remarkable deviations referring to the quality features exist between the slab centre and the bulk material such methods should be looked after. Two semi‐macroscopic methods of segregation analysis are discussed in this paper: firstly, the potential of the emission spectral analysis combined with sectioning of a sample and secondly, the computer aided micro‐probe analysis. Both methods are restricted to small local areas. The proneness of elements and steel grades with respect to micro‐ and macrosegregation as well as distribution‐ and segregation coefficients are determined. The effect of a diffusion anneal on homogenisation of segregation is studied. Last not least the precipitation of sulphides, phosphides or carbonitrides is estimated. Ultrasonic detection of the central unsoundness of conventional slabs or thin slabs is a new approach towards a quantitative macroscopic examination. The sample size is 400 mm x 300 mm x 30 mm. To achieve a low ultrasonic noise using a 5 MHz‐transducer the samples are heat treated for grain refinement. “Dog bone porosity”, macroscopic topographical misfit between the upper and lower solidifying shells, periodical corner cracks or systematic transverse centre cracks are detected. Obviously, segregations do not reflect the ultrasonic beam. However, it can be presumed that an interrelation exists between porosity and segregation, although these might be locally apart from each other. This new ultrasonic test of the central unsoundness of continuous cast (c.c.) slabs gives valuable arguments to machine builders and maintenance people to decide on the right concepts for strand guidance, support rollers and secondary cooling. Soft reduction can be optimized and variations in casting speed counteracted by dynamic means. R&D service of this kind can help steelmakers when decisions are impending to build new casting machines or revamp old ones.     

我国钢铁工业发展中存在的问题及对策研究

针对全球经济一体化进程加快，以及中国加入WTO，我国钢铁工业应如何发展，剖析了我国钢铁工业存在的主要问题，分析了制约我国钢铁工业发展的重要影响因素，并在此基础上从宏观、微观的角度提出了我国钢铁工业发展的对策。     

草酸二乙酯水解宏观动力学研究

在65～80℃对草酸二乙酯水解生成草酸的反应宏观动力学进行了研究,得到的草酸二乙酯水解反应速率方程可表示为rc=dcc/dt=kc0.5acc1-kc1.5c k=2.117×105exp(-3.479×104/RT) k=5.273×102exp(-1.398×104/RT) 并用实验数据对模型进行了检验.     

用两个形状指数表征粉煤灰颗粒形貌的研究

引用两个形状指数表征颗粒形状的概念,即先将颗粒形状近似为椭圆,再将椭圆图像分离:以圆为基准的颗粒宏观形状指数δ;以光滑椭圆为基准的颗粒轮廓凹凸度,即微观形状指数ζ。分析和发展了近似椭圆模型。并运用图像分析仪对粉煤灰、水泥样品进行实验。结果表明,粉煤灰颗粒的两个形状指数δ和ζ都大于水泥颗粒。证明粉煤灰颗粒的球形度、表面光滑度优于水泥,而且,随着粒径增大,δ和ζ呈下降趋势,表明磨制颗粒越粗。(?)粒形状越不规则。文中还运用近似椭圆模型再现了颗粒的模拟图像。     

快速路网单点入口匝道动态控制策略仿真评价研究

有别于以往工作,运用宏观交通网络动态建模理论与计算机仿真技术,以快速路网为考察对象,提出单点入口匝道动态控制策略的宏观交通仿真评价方法,设计了一种基于ALINEA原理的单点入口匝道动态控制算法,针对一多起点-多终点拥挤路网,开发仿真系统,给出控制前后路段交通状态时变图、全局路网交通状态图等可视化仿真结果,描述路网交通流演化,定量评价匝道控制效果。算例表明,控制后路网拥堵显著缓解,网络总耗时减少约5%。研究显示了单点匝道控制策略宏观交通仿真评价方法有助于深刻、全面、直观地理解路网交通流演化,剖析拥堵成因,设计符合全局、系统眼光的高效控制策略,给出定量评价,具有有效性与优越性。     

中国团餐企业资产与收益现状研究

中国餐饮业发展飞速,团餐业的发展尤为突出。文章通过对2011、2012年50家团餐骨干企业的资产总额、利率情况、营业收入及单位人口创收等收益情况的比较研究,认为我国团餐企业处于中等规模,对资源的充分使用还有较大发展空间,盈利与竞争能力较强,同时可以得出团餐行业的总体创收趋势及投资回报速度尚可的结论。     

PRIMARY RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES OF 70-30 BRASS ROLLED BY CROSS SHEAR ROLLING IN SINGLE DIRECTION

ＰＲＩＭＡＲＹＲＥＣＲＹＳＴＡＬＬＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＴＥＸＴＵＲＥＳＯＦ７０－３０ＢＲＡＳＳＲＯＬＬＥＤＢＹＣＲＯＳＳＳＨＥＡＲＲＯＬＬＩＮＧＩＮＳＩＮＧＬＥＤＩＲＥＣＴＩＯＮ￥ＺｈａｏＸｉａｎｇ；ＬｉｕＹａｎｓｈｅｎｇ；ＸｕＪｉａｚｈｅｎ；ＬｉａｎｇＺ...     

快速路控制策略仿真研究

城市快速路是城市交通的主动脉,承担着城市大部分交通量,良好的快速路控制策略能有效缓解道路拥堵。本文借助改进的宏观交通流模型,采用Visual Basic面向对象语言,开发城市快速路的控制仿真系统。运用该仿真系统对一个包含两起点两终点的快速路段进行仿真,模拟采用ALINEA策略和不采用控制的快速路交通运行状态。仿真结果表明,对入口匝道实施ALINEA控制后,高峰时刻主线流量增加约150veh/h,入口匝道与主线汇合区速度提高约10km/h,说明ALINEA控制策略能有效缓解快速路拥堵。     

Al-B4C复合材料中子吸收性能研究

利用蒙特卡罗方法和~(252)Cf中子源研究了在准直热中子入射束下,15%~30%(质量分数)碳化硼含量的Al-B_4C复合材料的中子吸收系数和宏观截面。结果表明,Al-B_4C复合材料的中子吸收系数随碳化硼含量增加而增大,相同碳化硼含量的材料其中子吸收系数随厚度的增加按指数规律变化;~(252)Cf中子源测试得到的中子吸收系数比0.0253eV单能热中子计算得到的吸收系数低0.5%~4.3%;Al-B_4C复合材料的宏观截面随着碳化硼含量的增加呈线性递增的关系,而且理想热中子0.0253eV下的递增率(0.97925cm~(-1)/%)大于~(252)Cf中子源构建0~1eV中子下的递增率(0.58537cm~(-1)/%)。