Marine Phospholipids from Fishery By-Products Attenuate Atherosclerosis

In this study, the anti-atherosclerotic properties of three marine phospholipids (MPLs) extracts from fishery by-products including codfish roe, squid gonad, and shrimp head are verified. Their effects on key factors involved in atherosclerosis are examined and compared to explore whether the differences in their constitutions lead to the differences in the function. All three MPLs dampen oxidation of low- density lipoproteins (LDL) in vitro. Treating RAW264.7 macrophages and HUVECs endothelial cells with each MPLs ranging 10–100 µg mL⁻¹ does not decrease cell viability, yet ox-LDL caused cytotoxicity of both cells are alleviated by 50 or 100 µg mL⁻¹ MPLs treatment. In addition, the three MPLs reduce ox-LDL induced macrophage foam-like transition, mainly through inhibition of lipid uptake. Of the three MPLs, the one from squid gonad exhibits the best effect. On the other hand, all three MPLs modulate inflammatory responses, equally, by inhibiting the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, and decreasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1. Using a high-cholesterol diet induced zebrafish model, it is found that all three MPLs, especially the one from squid gonad, alleviates cholesterol accumulation in early plaques, and decreases total cholesterol as well as lipid peroxide in vivo. Practical Applications: As a way of making the best of the increasingly scarce marine resources, valuable lipid components can be recovered from by-products and wastes from the fishery industry. Here, we tested the anti-atherosclerotic effects and the mechanisms of three MPLs extracted from codfish roe, squid gonad, and shrimp head. Our study provides further evidence that marine phospholipids extracted from fishery by-products could protect against atherosclerosis, and helps to elucidate the structure-function relationship of MPLs.     

定距螺旋桨对船用主机外特性的要求分析

为解决定距螺旋桨与船用主机在船舶运行工况的机桨匹配问题,结合船舶系泊和航行试验的相关标准,分析和归纳船舶运行数据,将实船测试与船机桨匹配理论计算相结合,得出运输船和拖轮在常用工况及特殊工况下定距螺旋桨对主机外特性的定量要求,为配套不同细分市场时船用主机的优化和开发提供参考依据。     

The impacts of cattle access points on deposited sediment levels in headwater streams in Ireland

Cattle access to streams has been linked globally with degradation of stream water quality, driven largely by bank erosion and resultant instream, fine sediment deposition. The majority of evidence on such effects is however based in arid and semiarid regions of the United States and Australia, with few studies relating to cool temperate climates such as Northwest Europe. In this study, “Quorer” resuspendable sediment samples were taken from riffle geomorphic units upstream (control) and at two points downstream (pressure and recovery) of cattle access points in headwater streams in agricultural catchments in Ireland to assess levels of deposited stream sediment. Samples were taken in April/May (2016) prior to the grazing season and in October (2016) at the end of the grazing season. Sites in good‐high ecological status catchments and less than good ecological status catchments were included in the study. Higher levels of sediment were found downstream of cattle access points in both good‐high status and less than good status catchments; however, the impacts of access points were spatially confined to, in most cases, the area immediately downstream of the point of access. There was a strong correlation between deposited sediment mass and organic matter (OM) mass, with levels of OM increasing linearly with deposited sediment mass. Levels of measured sediment were negatively correlated with riparian habitat health (measured using a qualitative habitat assessment). The results of this study highlight the need for measures to prevent cattle access to headwater streams where access points can be many in order to manage local habitat quality and downstream water quality issues.     

杭州湾南岸滩涂沉积物中HCHs与DDTs污染特征分析

摘 要：目的 了解六六六（hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs）与滴滴涕(dichloro diphenyl trichloroethanes,DDTs)在杭州湾南岸滩涂沉积物中的污染现状。方法 于2018年4月，采集杭州湾南岸地区4个采样点不同深度（0~80 cm）滩涂沉积物，利用气相色谱-串联质谱法（gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS）测定了该区域中HCHs与DDTs的含量，对其分布规律进行分析，使用共识沉积物质量基准法对其生态学风险进行了评估。结果 所有样品中均检出，HCHs与DDTs含量分别为4.20~6.24 μg/kg与3.37~4.73 μg/kg，主要以β-HCH、δ-HCH以及DDE为主，其污染主要来源于历史性工业品，整体污染处于较低水平；20.3%的沉积物样品中DDEs含量以及28.1%的样品DDTs总量介于阈值效应浓度(threshold concentration, TECs) 和可能效应浓度(probable effect concentration, PECs)之间。结论 杭州湾南岸沉积物中HCHs与DDTs的污染处于较低水平，具有较小的生态学风险。     

环保法规对船舶涂料企业的冲击及应对措施的探讨

随着我国环境保护法规《大气污染防治法》的修订和《涂料征收消费税通知》的公布,探讨了其对船舶涂料企业的冲击及其应对措施。     

流域泥沙灾害与泥沙资源性的研究

泥沙灾害与泥沙资源性是流域泥沙的重要属性,二者在一定条件下可以相互转化。本文论述了泥沙淤积、泥沙冲刷、岸滩崩塌、山地崩塌与泥石流、粗沙淤积的土地沙化等泥沙灾害,指出泥沙灾害具有时空分布的不均匀性、渐变性或突发性、群发性、转化性及危害严重性等;流域泥沙资源化的主要途径包括填海造陆及造地、引洪淤灌、堤防淤临淤背、建筑材料、湿地形成(河流、湖泊与河口海岸)等,指出流域泥沙资源化及其优化配置既要解决思想观念、基本理论、目标效益等方面的问题,还要考虑与水资源联合配置问题。     

珠江河口区水环境整体数学模型研究

根据珠江河口区的特点，建立了珠江河口区水流，泥沙及含氟度的整体联解数学模型，探讨了联解的计算模式；利用珠江三角洲和河口区水流泥沙、含氟度连续条件，把珠江三角洲网河区一维水沙、含氟度输移数学模型和河口区二维水沙、含氟度输移数学模型进行联解。同时采用最新的地形资料并选用洪、中、枯水及大、中、小潮等多种水文组合条件对该模型进行分区验证和整体验证，模型验证成果满足精度要求。     

Quantifying and characterizing contemporary riparian sedimentation

Fluvial processes of erosion, sediment transport and deposition determine the changing form and sedimentary structure of naturally adjusting riparian zones. Riparian sediment storage has both scientific and management importance in relation to: (i) the quantities of sediment that are involved; (ii) the quality of the sediment; and (iii) the dispersal of biological materials, notably the vegetation propagules that are transported and deposited in association with the sediment. After discussing the significance of riparian sedimentation processes, this paper reviews methods for quantifying contemporary sediment deposition within water bodies and their margins. Methods for investigating contemporary riparian sedimentation are given particular emphasis, and the extent to which different methods provide comparable estimates and have been used to support the analysis of different physical and chemical properties of the sediment are outlined. The importance of the following are stressed: (i) selecting a sampling method that is suited to the sedimentation environment; (ii) incorporating careful cross‐calibration if measurements from different methods are to be combined; and (iii) replicating measurements to give more robust estimates if small traps are employed. It is concluded that artificial turf mats provide a useful design of sediment trap across a range of environmental conditions because: (i) their surface roughness reduces problems of sediment removal by flood waters or rainfall; (ii) their pliability permits installation on irregular surfaces; (iii) they can be securely attached to the ground with metal pins to resist high shear stresses from river flows; (iv) they are robust and light and so easily manipulated in the field and laboratory; (v) it is possible to fully recover the deposited sediment to accurately determine the amount of sediment deposited and to support a range of other analyses. Results are presented to illustrate how artificial turf mats can be used to estimate the quantity and quality of deposited sediment and to explore the associated deposition of viable seeds. This provides one example of the important hydroecological role of riparian sedimentation processes and of the potential for the development of innovative, interdisciplinary research on riparian sediment dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

伶仃洋三维潮流输沙的数值模拟

作者使用垂向坐标变换技术，结合有限差分方法建立了三维潮流输沙的数学模型。为了增加模型的稳定性和减少数值耗散，对悬沙对流扩散方程中的水平对流项采用三阶迎风格式离散。应用本模型对伶仃洋的枯季和洪季的潮流输沙的悬沙场进行了数值模拟，将模拟结果与实测资料进行比较，二者吻合较好。模拟结果分析表明：伶仃洋悬沙运动主要集中在西滩，对伶仃航道影响不大；洪季水体含沙浓度高于枯季；水体含沙浓度沿水深存在浓度梯度，且洪季的浓度梯度明显大于枯季。