Defining Dry Eye from a Clinical Perspective

Over the past decades, the number of patients with dry eye disease (DED) has increased dramatically. The incidence of DED is higher in Asia than in Europe and North America, suggesting the involvement of cultural or racial factors in DED etiology. Although many definitions of DED have been used, discrepancies exist between the various definitions of dry eye disease (DED) used across the globe. This article presents a clinical consensus on the definition of DED, as formulated in four meetings with global DED experts. The proposed new definition is as follows: “Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by a persistently unstable and/or deficient tear film (TF) causing discomfort and/or visual impairment, accompanied by variable degrees of ocular surface epitheliopathy, inflammation and neurosensory abnormalities.” The key criteria for the diagnosis of DED are unstable TF, inflammation, ocular discomfort and visual impairment. This definition also recommends the assessment of ocular surface epitheliopathy and neurosensory abnormalities in each patient with suspected DED. It is easily applicable in clinical practice and should help practitioners diagnose DED consistently. This consensus definition of DED should also help to guide research and clinical trials that, to date, have been hampered by the lack of an established surrogate endpoint.     

稀土Pr对Al2O3-SiO2(Sf)/ZL109复合材料组织及性能的影响

本文采用挤压浸渗法 ,制得不同稀土含量的硅酸铝短纤维增强铝基复合材料。用光学显微镜观察了复合材料的铸造显微组织 ,分析了稀土含量对共晶硅组织形态的影响 ;用扫描电镜对复合材料基体中的稀土相进行了观察 ,探索了稀土相的分布位置及其形态 ;并对不同稀土含量的复合材料进行了摩擦磨损实验 ,结果表明稀土能增强复合材料的耐磨性     

硅橡胶机械强度改进方法的研究

使用以硅橡胶为绝缘材料的新一代高压复合绝缘子是解决输变电线路污闪问题行之有效的方法，针对复合绝缘子用硅橡胶生产和运行中存在的主要问题，从添加补强材料白炭黑（最佳用量在35份左右）和改变硫化时间（最佳硫化时间8min）两方面入手进行试验，研究如何改善硅橡胶的机械强度尤其是抗撕裂强度。     

斜井提升钢丝绳磨损“失效树”分析

介绍了引起斜井提升钢丝绳失效的各种因素 ,并建立“失效树” ,为煤矿生产中判断其失效原因及预防提供可靠依据。     

The Microstructure of Solvent-Welding of PMMA

The microstructure of solvent-welding of PMMA has been investigated. The morphologies of shear, tensile, tear and cleavage fracture surfaces are observed. Effects of solubility parameter, elevated temperature, and cosolvent on the mechanical strength are studied. The solvents used are methanol, ethanol and DMF. The feature sizes of shear, tensile and tear fracture surfaces and the angle of the cleavage curve at the interface of PMMA can be employed to determine the mechanical strength qualitatively. Constituents of shear, tensile and tear fracture surfaces are tongues, long and narrow hackles, and equiaxed hackles, respectively. PMMA treated at high temperature showed enhanced mechanical strength. PMMA treated with 95% by volume ethanol yielded the best quality of adhesion. The solvent affected zone and the residual solvent are also discussed.     

Ni3Al基合金薄壁件精铸工艺对热裂缺陷的影响及其数值模拟

研究了精铸工艺参数对Ni3Al基合金薄壁件热裂缺陷的影响,并运用铸造模拟软件对精铸过程的温度场、应力场进行了模拟,分析了薄壁精铸件热裂产生的机理。研究结果表明,铸件充型的先后顺序是薄壁型零件产生热裂缺陷的主要因素,优化浇注系统并改进浇注工艺参数能消除热裂缺陷的发生,从而提高薄壁件的铸造质量。     

7055铝合金二次时效特征研究——（Ⅱ）显微组织与断口形貌特征

利用透射电镜和扫描电镜研究了二次时效处理后7055合金显微组织及Kahn撕裂断口形貌特征。结果表明，高温预时效时未析出的溶质原子，在低温二次时效时继续析出造成强度提高：由于二次时效温度降低，析出相长大和粗化速度降低，析出相密度高，可以获得高于单级峰值时效的强度和硬度。提高二次时效温度促进比GP区强化效果更高的矿相析出，从而获得比低温二次时效更高的强度。缩短预时效时间以及降低预时效温度，都有利于残留固溶原子和空位的保留，二次时效时硬化响应更快。晶界析出相的体积分数和形貌变化对7055合金断裂韧性存在显著的影响。低温预时效及低温二次时效获得少量且断续分布的球形沿晶析出相，断裂韧性较高。而提高二次时效温度则促进晶界析出相析出，不利于断裂韧性的改善。     

矿用输送带双目视觉检测自适应标定方法

针对煤矿输送带纵向撕裂视觉检测中,传统的摄像机标定方法复杂、精度低等问题,提出了一种高效的双目视觉检测自适应标定方法。分析了摄像机数学模型与双目视觉基本原理,在线性模型的基础上引入非线性畸变参数,将输送带图像与7×7矩阵模型融合提取出的关键特征角点坐标值代入矩阵约束方程,求解出摄像机内外参数及结构参数、畸变参数,并对其进行非线性优化,得到精确值,最后采用贝叶斯误差估计方法对计算出的参数与Faugeras自标定方法所得结果进行对比分析。实验结果表明该方法精度高,可靠性好。     

环式给煤机的优化改造

针对输煤系统环式给煤机出力不足、撒煤、行走轮/承煤平台磨损严重等问题进行了分析,提出了改进优化方案。环式给煤机优化改造后,取得了令人满意的效果。     

循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁的热应力分析

为研究循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁的热应力问题,通过数值模拟的方法对顶棚拐点处水冷壁的温度、变形量和热应力进行分析。研究表明:向火侧到背火侧水冷壁的温度梯度变化较大,水冷壁的变形量极不均匀,在水冷壁管与鳍片接触处出现应力的集中。水冷壁减薄后,最大热应力先减小再增大,在减薄厚度为1.5 mm后热应力迅速增大,鳍片磨损减薄后水冷壁热应力增加速度逐渐变大,当热应力超过材料的许用应力时极易发生爆管。水冷壁减薄量超过自身厚度的21.4%时考虑对水冷壁管进行更换。对水冷壁最大热应力与鳍片减薄量间的规律拟合成函数关系式,对判断水冷壁的热应力是否超限,具有重要意义。