Critical Shear Stress of Bimodal Sediment in Sand-Gravel Rivers

A new model for the critical shear stress and the transport of graded sediment is presented. The model is based on the size distribution of the bed surface and can be used to compute sediment transport rates in numerical simulations with an active layer model. This model makes a distinction between unimodal and bimodal sediments. It is assumed that all size fractions of unimodal sediments have the same critical shear stress while there is selective transport for the gravel fractions of bimodal sediments. A recently published laboratory transport data set is used to calibrate our model.     

Differentiation between epigeic and hypogeic fauna in gravel streams

The ‘hyporheic zone’ is described. According to the classical definition, water below the sediment surface is groundwater and the hyporheic interstitial zone is part of the phreatic system. This ignores the vertical distribution of the epigeic benthic fauna. The uppermost layer of the sediment (bed sediments) of the hyporheic zone is dominated by epigeic faunal elements and is therefore part of the surface system. In contrast to hypogeic species, the depth penetration of epigeic species is limited. Possible explanations are discussed.     

Surface-based Transport Model for Mixed-Size Sediment

We present a transport model for mixed sand/gravel sediments. Fractional transport rates are referenced to the size distribution of the bed surface, rather than subsurface, making the model completely explicit and capable of predicting transient conditions. The model is developed using a new data set of 48 coupled observations of flow, transport, and bed surface grain size using five different sediments. The model incorporates a hiding function that resolves discrepancies observed among earlier hiding functions. The model uses the full size distribution of the bed surface, including sand, and incorporates a nonlinear effect of sand content on gravel transport rate not included in previous models. The model shares some common elements with two previous surface-based transport models, but differs in using the full surface size distribution and in that it is directly developed from a relatively comprehensive data set with unambiguous measurement of surface grain size over a range of flow, transport rate, and sediments.     

基于均匀设计的砂砾石层浆液扩散规律研究

在砂砾石层灌浆中,渗流对浆液在不同方向上扩散的影响一直是研究的空白。现通过室内灌浆模拟试验,采用均匀设计的方法构建试验方案,对不同渗流强度砂砾石层中浆液在不同方向上的扩散规律进行了研究,分析了灌浆压力P、水灰比m、渗透系数k以及渗流速度v对浆液在不同方向上扩散半径R0的影响,并得出回归关系式。试验结果表明:对浆液扩散半径R0影响最显著的是灌浆压力P,渗透系数k的影响次之;渗透速度v与上游向扩散半径Ru负相关,与下游向扩散半径Rd显著正相关,而对侧向扩散半径Rl的影响很小。     

Flow structure through pool‐riffle sequences and a conceptual model for their sustainability in gravel‐bed rivers

Detailed field measurements and simulations of three‐dimensional flow structure were used to develop a conceptual model to explain the sustainability of self‐formed pool‐riffle sequences in gravel‐bed rivers. The analysis was conducted at the Red River Wildlife Management Area in Idaho, USA, and enabled characterization of the flow structure through two consecutive pool‐riffle sequences, including: identification of jet concentration and dissipation zones, and the development of local turbulence features (i.e. vertical and horizontal eddies) under different flow conditions. Three‐dimensional hydraulic simulations were used to evaluate how the flow structure varies across a range of flow conditions and with different degrees of sediment aggradation within the upstream pool. The analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the residual pool depth on the flow structure, with reduced residual depth causing a shift in the orientation of the jet and a reduction in the influence of vertical eddies and the size and intensity of horizontal eddies. The proposed conceptual model seeks to explain the sustainability of pools in terms of the flow structure in pool‐riffle morphology and how this flow structure will change as a result of altered external forcing, such as upstream sediment delivery or changes in bank stability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microforms in Gravel Bed Rivers: Formation, Disintegration, and Effects on Bedload Transport

This research aims to advance current knowledge on cluster formation and evolution by tackling some of the aspects associated with cluster microtopography and the effects of clusters on bedload transport. The specific objectives of the study are (1) to identify the bed shear stress range in which clusters form and disintegrate, (2) to quantitatively describe the spacing characteristics and orientation of clusters with respect to flow characteristics, (3) to quantify the effects clusters have on the mean bedload rate, and (4) to assess the effects of clusters on the pulsating nature of bedload. In order to meet the objectives of this study, two main experimental scenarios, namely, Test Series A and B (20 experiments overall) are considered in a laboratory flume under well-controlled conditions. Series A tests are performed to address objectives (1) and (2) while Series B is designed to meet objectives (3) and (4). Results show that cluster microforms develop in uniform sediment at 1.25 to 2 times the Shields parameter of an individual particle and start disintegrating at about 2.25 times the Shields parameter. It is found that during an unsteady flow event, effects of clusters on bedload transport rate can be classified in three different phases: a sink phase where clusters absorb incoming sediment, a neutral phase where clusters do not affect bedload, and a source phase where clusters release particles. Clusters also increase the magnitude of the fluctuations in bedload transport rate, showing that clusters amplify the unsteady nature of bedload transport. A fourth-order autoregressive, autoregressive integrated moving average model is employed to describe the time series of bedload and provide a predictive formula for predicting bedload at different periods. Finally, a change-point analysis enhanced with a binary segmentation procedure is performed to identify the abrupt changes in the bedload statistic characteristics due to the effects of clusters and detect the different phases in bedload time series using probability theory. The analysis verifies the experimental findings that three phases are detected in the bedload rate time series structure, namely, sink, neutral, and source.     

富水圆砾地层中复合式土压平衡盾构施工技术

结合长沙地铁1号线2标段北辰三角洲站～开福寺站区间右线前220m盾构施工实例,分析富水圆砾地层对盾构施工的危害,提出了采取土体改良、同步注浆等技术措施预防可能出现的风险情况,对今后同类地质、水文条件下盾构隧道的安全施工积累了一定的经验。     

Centrifuge modeling of hybrid foundation to mitigate liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundation resting on liquefiable ground

A hybrid foundation is developed in this study to mitigate the liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundations. The proposed hybrid foundation is a combination of a gravel drainage system and friction steel piles with spiral blades, framed under the footing. The motivation behind having a gravel drainage system, as an integral part of the hybrid foundation, is its ability to improve the liquefaction resistance of the ground in the most economical way. However, case histories and the development of recent research have highlighted that gravel drainage systems have exhibited poor performances and could not prevent ground liquefaction during strong ground motion. To counteract these shortcomings, friction steel piles are provided which are supposed to yield frictional resistance during earthquakes and are presumed to minimize the rocking/tilting behavior of the foundation-structure system even if the ground undergoes liquefaction. The evolution of excess pore water pressure, specifically in the vicinity of the foundation-structure system, dominatingly influences the settlement mechanism of shallow foundations. Centrifuge test results show that the presence of gravel drainage can minimize the post-liquefaction settlement of shallow foundations through the rapid dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Moreover, friction piles are able to minimize the tilting/differential settlement of shallow foundations. It is found that the proposed hybrid foundation provides the desired function of reducing the overall liquefaction-induced effects on shallow foundations resting on liquefiable grounds.     

管桩生产中石灰石集料对混凝土强度的影响

采用石质为石灰石与石质为硅质岩的两种不同粗集料拌制混凝土,经过常压养护、压蒸养护等不同的混凝土蒸汽养护工艺,测定混凝土脱模抗压强度及压蒸后抗压强度。结果表明:石质为石灰石与石质为花岗岩的两种不同粗集料在常压养护结束后,混凝土抗压强度均有较大的增长,混凝土强度增长规律基本一致;但经压蒸养护后石质为石灰石与石质为花岗岩的两种不同粗集料配制的混凝土抗压强度产生很大的差异,石质为石灰石的粗集料配制的混凝土强度增长较低,而石质为硅质岩的粗集料配制的混凝土强度有很大的提高。     

新疆乌拉根铅锌矿开发技术经济评价

塔西地区乌拉根铅锌矿床位于新疆乌恰县康苏镇南东5 km,是近年来新建成的超大型砂砾岩型铅锌矿床,是塔里木盆地西缘与盆山演化和盆地流体演化有关的典型砂砾岩型铅锌矿床,该类型矿床在成矿机制、成矿规律、找矿勘查和开发利用等方面受到了学术界、勘查界和矿业界的广泛关注。塔西地区已成为砂砾岩型金属矿床的基础理论研究的热点,同时也成为铜、铅、锌等金属矿产勘查的最为活跃的地区之一,发现了一批包括乌拉根超大型砂砾岩型铅锌矿床在内的具有工业意义的铜铅锌矿床(点),显示出塔西坳陷区具有极大的砂砾岩型铅锌矿床的找矿潜力。文章以乌拉根超大型铅锌矿床为模型,开展该类型矿床的资源量—经济评价,运用不确定性分析计算出盈亏平衡率和盈亏平衡点,并进行了敏感性分析,对区内同类型矿山的工业开发利用和投资决策具有一定的参考意义。