CL－1型缓蚀剂的研制

为了阻缓高含水原油对集输管线的腐蚀，研制了ＣＬ－１型输油管线缓蚀剂。这种缓蚀剂是以两种咪唑啉衍生物与联氨为主要成分的复配药剂，运用于油水共在体系．本文介绍了该剂的室内性能评价和现场试验结果。     

Mechanistic investigation of hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution of X-70 pipe steel and its implication on near-neutral pH SCC of pipelines

The effects of hydrogen-charging on anodic dissolution of pipe steel under near-neutral pH condition were studied by electrochemical techniques. Hydrogen-charging enhances the anodic dissolution rate of the steel. The hydrogen-enhanced dissolution increases with increasing charging current density. The hydrogen effect is attributed to the alteration of chemical potential and exchange current density of steel. Hydrogen-charging affects the corrosion process of the steel. In particular, at a high charging current density, a layer of corrosion product forms on the electrode surface to change corrosion potential and interfacial double-charge layer capacitance as well as charge-transfer resistance. The hydrogen effect factor for enhanced anodic dissolution of steel at an anodic potential of −0.4 V (SCE) is 1.53 only. Hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution of steel by itself may not be the major factor contributing to the high rate of crack growth in pipe steel in near-neutral pH electrolyte. A further investigation of the synergistic effect of hydrogen and stress on dissolution at the crack-tip is essential to determine the mechanism of near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines.     

Correlation of fracture behavior in high pressure pipelines with axial flaws using constraint designed test specimens. Part II: 3-D effects on constraint

This study describes an extensive set of 3-D analyses conducted on conventional fracture specimens, including pin-loaded and clamped SE(T) specimens, and axially cracked pipes with varying crack configurations. The primary objective is to examine 3-D effects on the correlation of fracture behavior for the analyzed crack configurations using the J-Q methodology. An average measure of constraint over the crack front, as given by an average hydrostatic parameter, denoted Q_avg, is employed to replace the plane-strain measure of constraint, Q. Alternatively, a local measure of constraint evaluated at the mid-thickness region of the specimen, denoted Q_Z0, is also utilized. The analysis matrix considers 3-D numerical solutions for models of SE(T) fracture specimens with varying geometries (i.e., different crack depth to specimen width ratio, a/W, as well as different loading point distance, H) and test conditions (pin-loaded ends vs. clamped ends). The 3-D numerical models for the cracked pipes cover different crack depth to pipe wall thickness ratio, a/t, and a fixed crack depth to crack length ratio, a/c. The extensive 3-D numerical analyses presented here provide a representative set of solutions which provide further support for using constraint-designed SE(T) specimens in fracture assessments of pressurized pipes and cylindrical vessels.     

Effect of alternating current on corrosion and effectiveness of cathodic protection of pipelines

Abstract

In the present work, the alternating current (AC) induced corrosion of a cathodically protected X65 pipeline steel was studied in a neutral, extracted soil solution and a high pH, carbonate/bicarbonate solution by electrochemical and weight loss measurements, and surface characterisation. It was found that AC corrosion causes the alkalisation of the soil environment in the vicinity of pipeline no matter what the cathodic protection (CP) condition is. The degree of alkalisation depends on the AC current density. In the absence of AC interference or at a low AC current density, i.e. 20 A m^?2, a CP potential of ?950 mV versus Cu/CuSO₄ electrode provides a full protection over the steel. When the AC current density is >20 A m^?2, a new CP standard is recommended to avoid AC corrosion of pipelines.

Dans le présent travail, on a étudié la corrosion induite par le courant alternatif (AC) d’un acier X65 pour pipeline avec protection cathodique, dans une solution neutre d’extrait de sol et dans une solution de carbonate/bicarbonate à pH élevé, au moyen de mesures électrochimiques et de perte de poids ainsi que de la caractérisation de la surface. On a trouvé que la corrosion AC avait pour résultat l’alcalisation de l’environnement du sol au voisinage du pipeline, peu importe la condition de protection cathodique (CP). Le degré d’alcalisation dépend de la densité de courant AC. En l’absence d’interférence AC ou à une faible densité de courant AC, soit 20 A/m², un potentiel de CP de 2950 mV par rapport à l’électrode Cu/CuSO₄ protège complètement l’acier. Lorsque la densité de courant AC est plus élevée que 20 A/m², on recommande une nouvelle norme de CP pour éviter la corrosion AC des pipelines.     

Natural gas and CO2 price variation: impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines

This article develops a formal model for comparing the cost structure of the two main transport options for natural gas: liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipelines. In particular, it evaluates how variations in the prices of natural gas and greenhouse gas emissions affect the relative cost-efficiency of these two options. Natural gas is often promoted as the most environmentally friendly of all fossil fuels, and LNG as a modern and efficient way of transporting it. Some research has been carried out into the local environmental impact of LNG facilities, but almost none into aspects related to climate change. This paper concludes that at current price levels for natural gas and CO₂ emissions the distance from field to consumer and the volume of natural gas transported are the main determinants of transport costs. The pricing of natural gas and greenhouse emissions influence the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipeline transport, but only to a limited degree at current price levels. Because more energy is required for the LNG process (especially for fuelling the liquefaction process) than for pipelines at distances below 9100 km, LNG is more exposed to variability in the price of natural gas and greenhouse gas emissions up to this distance. If the prices of natural gas and/or greenhouse gas emission rise dramatically in the future, this will affect the choice between pipelines and LNG. Such a price increase will be favourable for pipelines relative to LNG.     

基于云计算数据中心的传输基础资源运营规划方法研究

随着5G+AICDE时代快速临近,云计算数据中心的建设进入了高速发展阶段,且逐渐成为重要的战略资源.数据中心的海量数据传输及互通依托于管道光缆等基础传输网络,传输规划就显得尤为重要.本文以某云计算中心管道光缆等传输基础资源运营规划为案例,阐明了前期规划相应的原则,提出了地下管廊和环形无递减交接配线等技术在云计算数据中心...     

液压流体系统的频域特性分析

采用一维分布参数模型描述输流管道系统,利用集中参数模型表示相关液压元件,建立了流体系统的四端网络数学模型。根据交流流体网络理论,通过单传管路的传递函数阵分析了液压流体系统的频率响应特性。     

油气管道施工中焊接技术的应用及发展

油气管道焊接方法经历了从手工焊到半自动焊及自动焊接的发展过程,气体保护半自动焊接仍然是目前普遍采用的管道施工焊接方法。随着管道建设向高工作压力、大口径、厚管壁的方向发展,高效焊接方法、高质量的焊接材料及高技术含量的焊接设备将不断出现,并逐步应用工程实践。     

Systematic Evaluation of One-Dimensional Unsteady Friction Models in Simple Pipelines

In this paper, basic unsteady flow types and transient event types are categorized, and then unsteady friction models are tested for each type of transient event. One important feature of any unsteady friction model is its ability to correctly model frictional dissipation in unsteady flow conditions under a wide a range of possible transient event types. This is of importance to the simulation of transients in pipe networks or pipelines with various devices in which a complex series of unsteady flow types are common. Two common one-dimensional unsteady friction models are considered, namely, the constant coefficient instantaneous acceleration-based model and the convolution-based model. The modified instantaneous acceleration-based model, although an improvement, is shown to fail for certain transient event types. Additionally, numerical errors arising from the approximate implementation of the instantaneous acceleration-based model are determined, suggesting some previous good fits with experimental data are due to numerical error rather than the unsteady friction model. The convolution-based model is successful for all transient event types. Both approaches are tested against experimental data from a laboratory pipeline.     

Behavior of Buried Flexible Pipe under High Fills and Design Implications

The existing design guidelines for buried flexible pipes are limited to depth up to 10?m. The increasing use of difficult terrains for infrastructure, landfills, and residential and industrial developments has prompted installation of drainage pipelines under 20–30?m high fills. This paper presents the behavior of an instrumented flexible pipe buried under a 47.1?m deep fill. For filling above 20?m, the measured vertical stress above the pipe exhibited a concave distribution, corresponding to 90 and 110% of the average vertical pressure at the center and edges of the pipe, respectively. The measured results suggest that a triangular lateral pressure distribution can lead to overly conservative and uneconomical results for high fills while Spangler’s analysis is unconservative. Based on the measured results, a revised vertical and lateral earth pressure diagram was proposed for the design of flexible pipe under high fills >20?m. This paper proposes closed-form analyses for estimating the moments and displacements of the pipe subjected to high fill earth pressures. These closed-form solutions agree well with the measured pipe displacements and strains.