全循环干馏炉半气燃试验过程及结果分析

为了解决全循环干馏炉在加工低品质页岩时面临的循环热量不足的问题,同时为半焦中固定碳能否在全循环干馏炉中进行热量回收利用,从而达到节能降耗的目的提供生产依据.鉴于上述原因,桦甸吉林弘晟能源有限公司对全循环干馏炉进行了半气燃试验.实验结果表明:稀释比和气燃瓦斯与气燃空气量的大小是影响全循环干馏炉结焦的主要因素.全循环干馏炉装置采用半气燃工艺进行油页岩工业化生产还不具备条件,有待进一步摸索和优化参数.     

桦甸油页岩自热干馏

对油页岩干馏过程中能量输入过高的问题,研究了油页岩含氧低温载气干馏过程(N2-Air-R)。N2-Air-R过程是在氮气气氛下通过外加热将油页岩加热至一定温度,然后停止外加热并将氮气替代为150℃的空气,此后油页岩自热升温,不需外加热便可完成干馏。研究表明外加热到300℃时通入空气能达到最好的干馏效果。将N2-Air-R过程与其他两种干馏过程进行了比较:全程在空气气氛下采用外加热将温度加热到干馏终温550℃(Air-R);全程在氮气气氛下采用外加热将温度加热到干馏终温550℃(N2-R)。结果表明,N2-Air-R过程与其他干馏过程得到的页岩油成分相似,均为碳氢化合物,且沸程相近。最后通过研究三种干馏过程中半焦结构随温度的变化,讨论了N2-Air-R干馏过程与其他过程不同的原因。     

不同升温速率干馏对桦甸及龙口页岩油性质的影响

随着我国经济的快速发展,石油的产量已不能满足市场需求.页岩油工业是能源工业的一个组成部分,页岩油也是天然石油的一种补充能源.对吉林桦甸和山东龙口油页岩的基础特性进行研究,主要包括油页岩的含油率、工业分析、元素分析及发热量等.并介绍了油页岩的干馏试验,在不同升温速率(5 ℃/min、10℃/min、15 ℃/min、20...     

国外油页岩资源开发利用进展

介绍了油页岩资源现状及国外油页岩资源开发利用进展,全球共有300多个油页岩矿藏,分布于40个国家,页岩油的储量为是石油资源量的4倍。美国埃克森美孚公司采用电导加热破碎工艺处理油页岩,壳牌公司进行了地下干馏试验,红叶资源公司开发新型开采技术。爱沙尼亚爱耐飞特公司的油页岩加工利用方式主要是燃烧发电,其电厂的发电量高达全国用电量的90%。澳大利亚昆士兰能源公司发明了派拉霍型干馏工艺,并建设了示范装置,目前已经试车。约旦与多个国家合作开展油页岩加工利用研究试验及可行性研究。     

Advanced retorting,microwave assisted thermal sterilization (MATS), and pressure assisted thermal sterilization (PATS) to process meat products

Conventional thermal processes have been very reliable in offering safe sterilized meat products, but some of those products are of questionable overall quality. Flavor, aroma, and texture, among other attributes, are significantly affected during such processes. To improve those quality attributes, alternative approaches to sterilizing meat and meat products have been explored in the last few years. Most of the new strategies for sterilizing meat products rely on using thermal approaches, but in a more efficient way than in conventional methods. Some of these emerging technologies have proven to be reliable and have been formally approved by regulatory agencies such as the FDA. Additional work needs to be done in order for these technologies to be fully adopted by the food industry and to optimize their use. Some of these emerging technologies for sterilizing meat include pressure assisted thermal sterilization (PATS), microwaves, and advanced retorting. This review deals with fundamental and applied aspects of these new and very promising approaches to sterilization of meat products.     

新疆塔城油页岩的综合评价及干馏工艺的选择

对新疆塔城油页岩样品进行了理化性质分析及综合评价,研究了该油页岩的含油率、灰分、挥发分、发热量、热强度、硬度等特性,得知该油页岩含油率平均值为7.32%,灰分平均值为65.94%,挥发分平均值为20.41%,发热量平均值为4.55MJ/kg,热强度和硬度均与抚顺油页岩相似。分析了油页岩的灰分组成,主要成分为SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO和MgO,其中SiO2的质量分数最高,Al2O3、Fe2O3次之。综合考虑评价结果,选择抚顺式炉干馏工艺综合加工该油页岩。     

不同升温速率干馏对页岩油品质的影响

升温速率是影响油页岩热解及页岩油品质的重要因素之一.本文通过对页岩油的密度,黏度,凝点,倾点,发热量,馏程及元素分析在不同升温速率下的变化规律,来阐述升温速率对页岩油品质的影响.研究结果表明,随着升温速率的增加,页岩油的密度值逐渐变大.在实验温度为50℃条件下,页岩油的黏度值逐渐增大;然而凝点、倾点值是先增加后减小的;...     

Studies of the effect of retorting factors on the yield of shale oil for a new comprehensive utilization technology of oil shale

The comprehensive utilization of oil shale is a new promising technology achieving high utilization-factors for both oil shale’s chemical and energy potentials, and avoiding serious environmental impacts. For this technology, it is an urgent issue how to obtain shale oil with a high yield and as well as treat shale char efficiently and economically. In this present work, retorting experiments of three type I oil shales were performed using an aluminum retort, and the effect of retorting temperature, residence time, particle size and heating rate on the yield of shale oil was studied at low retorting temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 520 °C, respectively, at which shale char obtained has good combustion properties. The experimental data show that an increase in the retorting temperature, the residence time and the heating time has positive significant effect on improving the yield of shale oil, and a middle particle size is helpful for increasing the oil yield as well. The grey system method was applied to evaluate the effect of retorting factors on the yield of shale oil, showing that the retorting temperature is the most marked factor influencing the yield of shale oil.     

Effect of food matrix and heat treatment on the rheological properties of salmon-based baby food

Shelf stable baby foods from Alaskan salmon were developed from red and pink salmon with and without bones. The effect of salmon type, presence of bones and thermal treatment (121 °C for 55 min) on the dynamic (viscoelastic) and flow models were evaluated. Rheological behaviors of all samples were also tested over a temperature range of 25–55 °C. All samples had a higher viscoelastic behavior with consistently higher storage modulus (G′) than loss modulus (G″) over the entire frequency range used (0.5–100 rads/s at 25 °C). Thermal treatment had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on viscoelastic behavior of baby foods when the exponential model (G′ or G″ = A(ω)^b) was used. A values were higher for the processed food for G′ and G″, and b values. The Casson model was found to be the best for the shear rate – shear stress for all types of tested samples. Retorted samples exhibited lower yield stress than their unretorted counterparts. Retorted samples were susceptible to temperature change more than unretorted samples as shown by energy of activation values (E_a) when the effect of temperature (25–55 °C) was studied with an Arrhenius type model. Red salmon without bone had higher E_a values among all samples and with pink salmon with bone recording a lowest among all of them.     

竖罐炼锌用粘土结合碳化硅砖生产新工艺

简述竖罐炼锌用粘土结合碳化硅砖的生产技术现状,详细介绍了新的生产工艺。