Ammonium phosphate slurry rheology and particle properties—The influence of Fe(III) and Al(III) impurities, solid concentration and degree of neutralization

Ammonium phosphate slurries are produced from impure phosphoric acid that contains Fe(III), Al(III) and Mg(II) ions. The insolubility of these metal ions and the onset of solid formation determined as a function of pH or mole ratio (MR) of ammonia to phosphoric acid were consistent with the trend for the pH of formation of the first hydrolysis product that decreases in the following order: Fe(III)<Al(III)<Mg(II). The hydrolysis products of Fe(III) formed at pH>2.0 or MR>0.5 initiate ammonium phosphate crystallization, reduce the size of particles formed and generate attractive interparticle forces. Similarly, the Al(III) hydrolysis products formed later at pH>2.6 MR>0.7), will also initiate further crystallization, adsorb on particles and produce attractive forces. The attractive forces and the high number concentration of particle—particle interactions are responsible for the increased viscosity and non-Newtonian flow behavior displayed at increasing Fe(III) and Al(III) concentration. Mg(II) ions are not hydrolyzed at MR<1.0 so its effect on rheology is negligible and its effect at MR<1.0 is also small as its concentration is much smaller than that of Fe(III) and Al(III) ions. The change in slurry viscosity with the degree of neutralization is also explained in terms of particle size distribution, solubility and solids concentration variations.     

掺有低温降滤失剂J-2B的水泥浆性能研究

本文报道在嘉华Ｇ级油井水泥中掺入降滤失剂Ｊ２Ｂ配制的水泥浆３８—６０℃下的ＡＰＩ滤失性、稠化时间和水泥石抗压强度，以及使用不同产地水泥、改变水灰比引起的水泥浆性能变化。Ｊ２Ｂ的最佳掺量为１．６％，干拌于水泥中，具有优良的控滤失能力和一定的促进稠化、促进强度迅速发展的作用。Ｊ２Ｂ已在辽河、南阳油田获得广泛应用。     

Experimental investigation of a pilot-scale jet bubbling reactor for wet flue gas desulphurisation

In the present work, an experimental parameter study was conducted in a pilot-scale jet bubbling reactor for wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD). The pilot plant is downscaled from a limestone-based, gypsum producing full-scale wet FGD plant. Important process parameters, such as slurry pH, inlet flue gas concentration of SO₂, reactor temperature, and slurry concentration of Cl⁻ have been varied. The degree of desulphurisation, residual limestone content of the gypsum, liquid phase concentrations, and solids content of the slurry were measured during the experimental series.The SO₂ removal efficiency increased from 66.1% to 71.5% when the reactor slurry pH was changed from 3.5 to 5.5. Addition of Cl⁻ (in the form of CaCl₂·2H₂O) to the slurry increased the degree of desulphurisation to above 99%, due to the onset of extensive foaming, which substantially increased the gas-liquid contact area. An increase in the inlet flue gas SO₂ concentration from 502 to led to a decrease in the SO₂ removal efficiency from 80.1% to 69.4%. A temperature increase from 296 to caused a reduction in the degree of desulphurisation from 69.4% to 68.1%, but this result is almost within the experimental uncertainty. The residual limestone level in the gypsum formed increased with increasing values of reactor slurry pH, inlet flue gas SO₂ concentration, and slurry concentration of Cl⁻.     

Differences in the rheology and surface chemistry of kaolin clay slurries: The source of the variations

Kaolinite clays from two sources were found to display different rheological and electrokinetic behaviour despite having similar mineral composition. This difference is mainly due to the surface chemistry at the edges of the clay particles. Making the edge surface chemistry similar with an adsorbed small anionic additive such as citrate, produced a similar yield stress-pH behaviour for the different kaolin clay slurries. Heterogeneous attraction between positively charged edges and negatively charged faces of the clay particles is responsible for the yield stress behaviour of the clay slurry. However, the different points of zero charge of the edge caused the clay slurries to display different yield stress-pH behaviour. Adsorption of anionic citrate on negatively charged kaolin clay particles is reflected in a significant increase in the magnitude of the negative zeta potential. The adsorption is likely to be on the edge of the clay particles. Adsorbed citrate generally reduces or eliminates heterogeneous charge attraction leading to a much denser sediment being formed in the kaolin slurries with a coarser particle size distribution.     

Application of power addition as modelling technique for flow processes: Two case studies

In many of the continuum processes typically found in chemical engineering, the functional dependency of the dependent variable is only known for large and small values of the independent variable. Exact solutions in the transitional regime are often obscure for various reasons (e.g. narrow band within which the transition from one regime to the other occurs, inadequate knowledge of the physics in this area, etc.). An established method for the matching of limiting solutions is reviewed and subsequently applied. The method regards the known solutions as asymptotes and proposes addition to a power of such asymptotes. It yields a single, adjustable correlating equation that is applicable over the entire domain. This procedure circumvents the introduction of ad hoc curve fitting measures for the different regions and subsequent, unwanted discontinuities in piece-wise fitted correlative equations for the dependent variables. Experimental data of two diverse processes, namely flow in a straight-through diaphragm valve and the fluidisation of a packed bed, are analysed as case studies. Empirical results are investigated for possible asymptotic bounds whereafter power addition is applied to the functional dependencies. The outcome is compared to those of the empirical models and the results discussed. The procedure is revealed to be highly useful in the summarising and interpretation of experimental data in an elegant and simplistic manner. It may also, in general, aid the setup of experimental apparatus for investigation of continuum processes.     

特低密度水泥浆室内实验研究

在油田低压易漏地层使用密度１．４０—１．６０ｇ／ｃｍ３的低密度水泥浆固井时，有时仍会发生返高不够的问题。为此设计了密度１．２０—１．４０ｇ／ｃｍ３的特低密度水泥浆。该体系以密度较小的高炉水淬矿渣为水化材料，漂珠为减轻外掺料，膨润土为稳定剂，用碱性激活剂激发矿渣和漂珠的活性，使体系形成胶凝体。该水泥浆具有密度低、稳定性好、抗压强度高、材料费用低等特点，流变性和稠化时间均能满足非产层填充环空和支撑套管的固井施工要求。     

Runout Analysis of Slurry Flows with Bingham Model

In this paper, the Lagrangian finite element method is formulated along with the Bingham model for simulating natural transient slurry flows. The numerical model thus developed is validated with available experimental results. As well, a back-analysis of the dynamic behavior of the 1997 Lai Ping Road landslide in Hong Kong is conducted. Correlating well with field observations, the modeling results are satisfactory in terms of predicting the hazard areas of the debris trail during runout and the debris distribution on deposition fan. The present method is also able to demonstrate the multidirectional sliding features of natural slurry flows. It is noteworthy that the availability of high quality data on site topography is crucial for modeling such a gravity-driven flow. A knowledge of dynamic runout information is useful in estimating landslide mobility, potential hazard areas, and debris impact loads, and in evaluating the effectiveness of counter measures in the debris released area, in relation to downslope property development.     

Influence of solute type and concentration on ice scaling in fluidized bed ice crystallizers

During crystallization of ice from aqueous solutions, ice crystals exhibit a marked tendency to adhere to the cooled heat exchanger wall resulting in the formation of an insulating ice layer, often referred to as ice scaling. A promising method to avoid ice scaling is the application of a solid-liquid fluidized bed heat exchanger in which fluidized steel particles remove the ice crystals from the walls. This paper presents experiments with a single-tube fluidized bed heat exchanger in which ice crystals were produced from aqueous solutions of various solutes with varying concentrations. The experiments reveal that ice scaling is only prevented when a certain temperature difference between wall and solution is not exceeded. This transition temperature difference appears to increase approximately linearly with the solute concentration and is higher in aqueous solutions with low diffusion coefficients. The observed phenomena are explained by the hypothesis that ice scaling is only prevented when the mass transfer controlled growth rate of ice crystals on the wall does not exceed the scale removal rate induced by the fluidized steel particles. In conclusion, a model based on these physical phenomena is proposed to predict ice scaling in fluidized bed heat exchangers.     

Gas Holdup and Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient in a Slurry Bubble Column

The gas holdup, ?, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient, k_La, were measured in a 0.051 m diameter glass column with ethanol as the liquid phase and cobalt catalyst as the solid phase in concentrations of 1.0 and 3.8 vol.‐%. The superficial gas velocity U was varied in the range from 0 to 0.11 m/s, spanning both the homogeneous and heterogeneous flow regimes. Experimental results show that increasing catalyst concentration decreases the gas holdup to a significant extent. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient, k_La, closely follows the trend in gas holdup. Above a superficial gas velocity of 0.04 m/s the value of k_La/? was found to be practically independent of slurry concentration and the gas velocity U; the value of this parameter is found to be about 0.45 s^–1. Our studies provide a simple method for the estimation of k_La in industrial‐size bubble column slurry reactors.