Interactions of Li2O volatilized from ternary lithium-ion battery cathode materials with mullite saggar materials during calcination

In recent years, the rapid development of Li(Ni_xCo_yMn_1-x-y)O₂ (LNCM) materials for application in ternary lithium-ion batteries has led to an increased demand for refractory kiln saggars in industries. However, saggars used for firing ternary Li-ion battery cathode materials are often subjected to severe corrosion and spalling. To investigate the damage mechanism of the saggar materials, non-contact corrosion experiments were designed to study the effects of the precursor additions, calcination temperature, and number of calcinations during the interaction between mullite saggar and LNCM materials. The phase composition and microstructure of the mullite saggar specimens before and after corrosion were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the causes of the deterioration of mullite saggar materials during corrosion.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of α/β-Si3N4 composite ceramics with novel ternary additives prepared via spark plasma sintering

In this study, α/β-Si₃N₄ composite ceramics with high hardness and toughness were fabricated by adopting two different novel ternary additives, ZrN–AlN–Al₂O₃/Y₂O₃, and spark plasma sintering at 1550 °C under 40 MPa. The phase composition, microstructure, grain distribution, crack propagation process and mechanical properties of sintered bulk were investigated. Results demonstrated that the sintered α/β-Si₃N₄ composite ceramics with ZrN–AlN–Al₂O₃ contained the most α phase, which resulted in a maximum Vickers hardness of 18.41 ± 0.31 GPa. In the α/β-Si₃N₄ composite ceramics with ZrN–AlN–Y₂O₃ additives, Zr₃AlN MAX-phase and ZrO phase were found and their formation mechanisms were explained. The fracture appearance presented coarser elongated β-Si₃N₄ grains and denser microstructure when 20 wt% TiC particles were mixed into Si₃N₄ matrix, meanwhile, exhibited maximum mean grain diameter of 0.98 ± 0.24 μm. As a result, the compact α/β-Si₃N₄ composite ceramics containing ZrN–AlN–Y₂O₃ additives and TiC particles displayed the optimal bending strength and fracture toughness of 822.63 ± 28.75 MPa and 8.53 ± 0.21 MPa?m^1/2, respectively. Moreover, the synergistic toughening of rod-like β-Si₃N₄ grains and TiC reinforced particles revealed the beneficial effect on the enhanced fracture toughness of Si₃N₄ ceramic matrix.     

Ternary Blends of Renewable Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil,Advanced Bioethanol,and Marine Gasoil as Potential Marine Biofuel

An alternative for reducing emissions from marine fuel is to blend bio-oil from lignocellulose non-edible feedstocks to diesel fossil fuels. Phase diagrams of the ternary systems were built to represent the transition from heterogeneous regions to homogeneous regions. Four homogeneous blends of bio-oil of eucalyptus-bioethanol-marine gasoil were experimentally characterized with respect to the most important fuel parameters for marine engines: water content, flash point, low heating value, viscosity, and acidity. Blends with closer properties to marine gasoil replacement, lower costs, and environmental impacts should be tested for large engines.     

辽河油田欧52井火山岩油层三元酸压裂酸化工艺技术

辽河油田东部凹陷火山岩油藏较为集中分布．然而常规酸化效果较差．经采用三元酸（粉末硝酸、盐酸和氢氟酸）前置液压裂酸化后．获得显著的增产效果，进一步表明该项酸化工艺技术成熟，宜于推广应用。同时也面临技术集成再创新机遇．适应更广泛的地质需求。     

DSC and DMTA characterization of ternary blends

The phase behavior of ternary blends made of poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). DMTA measurements have been shown to be more sensitive than DSC for the detection of a second phase, for the determination of the composition of each phase, and the distribution of PECH in each of them. About 70% PECH was required to obtain a single narrow T_g in the ternary system, which suggests a single homogeneous phase in the limit of sensitivity of DMTA. This study also emphasizes the importance of the composition of the immiscible polymer pair (i.e. the PVAc/PMMA pair in the PECH/PVAc/PMMA system), in addition to the thermodynamic interaction parameters, for controling the phase behavior of ternary systems.     

The oxidation of two ternary Ni-Cu-10 at.% Al alloys in 1 atm of pure O2 at 800-900 °C

The oxidation of the ternary alloys Ni-45Cu-10Al and Ni-30Cu-10Al has been studied at 800-900 °C under 1 atm O₂. The presence of 10 at.% Al reduces significantly the oxidation rate of the corresponding Cu-Ni alloys during the initial oxidation stages, even before the establishment of a complete Al₂O₃ layer. The weight of individual sample of the two ternary Ni-Cu-10Al alloys at 800 °C increases more rapidly than at 900 °C during the initial oxidation stage. As oxidation proceeds, the weight gain at 800 °C slows down to a degree that the total weight gain after 24 h oxidation at 800 °C is less than that at 900 °C. Due to a faster formation of the Al₂O₃ layer, which suppresses earlier the further oxidation of Cu and Ni, the external region of the scales grown on Ni-45Cu-10Al contain much less Cu and Ni oxides than those grown on Ni-30Cu-10Al. The transition from the internal oxidation to the selective external oxidation of the most reactive component Al in Ni-Cu-Al alloys is favored by higher values of the Al content, of temperature and of the Cu/Ni ratio.     

Experimental assessment of the Ru–Al–Ni ternary phase diagram at 1000 and 1100 °C

Knowledge of phase equilibria in the Ru–Al–Ni ternary system is relevant to the development of new single crystal Ni-based superalloys as well as to new high temperature protective coating systems for these alloys. A series of diffusion couple investigations have been performed across the Ru–Al–Ni ternary system in order to establish phase fields and possible diffusion paths. A continuous B2 phase has been shown to exist across the Ru–Al–Ni ternary between the RuAl and NiAl phases at temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C. Ternary isothermal sections for Ru–Al–Ni at 1000 and 1100 °C are presented.     

Effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) sorption to polymer-supported nano-hydrated ferric oxides: Experimental and modeling studies

Incorporating of hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) inside porous supports with large sizes has become an effective way to decontaminate the water from heavy metals. Ubiquitous anions like sulfate are usually present in high concentrations in water, and might greatly affect adsorption behavior of hybrid HFO. Here, a polymer-based HFO-CPS was fabricated by encapsulating nano-HFO inside a chloromethylated polystyrene polymer(CPS) and the reactivity of HFO-CPS with Cu(Ⅱ) was evaluated in the presence of sulfate ions.Surface complexation theory was firstly employed to describe the effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption edges of hybrid HFO-CPS, where constant capacitance model(CCM) was adopted. The available weak adsorption site Fe_((2))OH of hybrid HFO-CPS was found to decrease from 20% Fe to 5% Fe, which might be caused by the pore plugging effect after HFO encapsulation. With the assumption that a ternary complex was formed, the effect of sulfate on Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption by HFO-CPS were successfully described by CCM using the optimized Fe_((2))OH site under different sulfate concentrations(1 or 10 mmol·L~(-1)) and Cu/Fe ratios(0.0042 or 0.0252). It is confirmed that the formation of Fe OHCu SO_4 ternary surface complexes played an important role in enhancing Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption on HFO-CPS in the presence of sulfate.     

The properties of electroactive ruthenium oxide coatings supported by titanium-based ternary carbides

Electroactive oxide coatings on titanium, known in industrial chlorine production as dimensionally stable anodes (DSA), are of limited service life owing to the dissolution of active oxide, but also due to low corrosion stability of titanium, at high anodic potentials and elevated temperatures. In order to improve the anode stability, ternary carbide, Ti₃SiC₂, could be a promising material for the coating support, since chemical corrosion stability of Ti₃SiC₂ is significantly higher if compared to Ti. In this work, the possibility of the sol-gel preparation of RuO₂-TiO₂ coating on Ti₃SiC₂ is investigated and comparison of the basic characteristics of sol-gel processed oxide coating, Ru_0.5Ti_0.5O₂, applied onto Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti, is reported. Microscopic investigation of the coating surface showed that considerably less cracked coating is formed onto the Ti₃SiC₂ support. Slightly higher voltammetric currents are registered for Ti₃SiC₂-supported coating in H₂SO₄ and NaCl solution. The activity for chlorine evolution is higher, while the currents of oxygen evolution reaction are lower for Ru_0.5Ti_0.5O₂/Ti₃SiC₂ anode in comparison to Ru_0.5Ti_0.5O₂/Ti anode. Even though these preliminary results on the basic electrochemical properties of Ru_0.5Ti_0.5O₂/Ti₃SiC₂ anode and chemical stability of Ti₃SiC₂ are promising, the accelerated stability test in NaCl solution showed that coated Ti₃SiC₂ is not anodically stable and lasts considerably shorter than Ru_0.5Ti_0.5O₂/Ti anode prepared and tested under the same conditions.     

丙烯酸酯三元共聚物酸掺杂改性聚苯胺的研究

选择丙烯酸 (AA)、丙烯酸丁酯 (BA)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)三元共聚物对聚苯胺 (PAn)进行改性 ,研究了BA的用量和引发剂浓度对PAn导电率的影响 ,对样品进行DSC、FTIR和SEM测试。结果表明 ,丙烯酸酯三元共聚物酸对PAn有良好的掺杂改性作用 ,当共聚单体 (AA -BA -MMA)组成为 10∶45∶45 (质量比 ) ,引发剂浓度为0 0 5 48mol·L-1时 ,可制得电导率达 1 42 1S·cm-1的导电PAn。