Biparametric Models for Elastic Wedge Foundation

In this paper, some biparametric models for an elastic foundation are proposed. It is assumed that the foundation has the shape of the wedge. The modeling procedure starts from the linear elasticity equations into which we introduce some simplifying assumptions based on the conceptions of decay functions. The simplified models are described by the ordinary differential equations. Stationary and nonstationary Green’s functions for the foundation considered are obtained by applying the Hankel and Laplace transform methods. An example of the interaction between the rigid plate and the elastic wedge foundation is studied.     

Hydraulic Study of the Onset of Hypoxia in the Tone River Estuary

Field measurements were conducted to investigate the onset and growth of hypoxia in the Tone River Estuary. Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, and temperature were measured along the deepest line of the estuary. Rates of oxygen consumption by water and sediment in a salt wedge were obtained using laboratory tests. The measurements showed that hypoxia frequently occurred in the front part of the salt wedge and expanded its area toward the river mouth during the summer when the river flow rate was small. The data also suggested that the onset of hypoxia was delayed by the estuarine circulation which supplied oxygen-rich seawater to the salt wedge. To simulate this phenomenon, a two-dimensional flow model in the vertical-longitudinal plane was constructed by transversely integrating the k–ε model equations. The results of model simulation for three months in the summer of 1997 closely matched the field data. The model simulation proved that DO degradation is highly correlated with the residence time of salt water in the estuary.     

Stress Zones near Displacement Piers: II. Radial Cracking and Wedging

Transient liquefaction of saturated soils near Rammed Aggregate Piers is described in Part I on the basis of radial stress measurements. This is supported by dynamic pore-water pressure measurements, as peak pore pressures approximately equal radial stresses imposed at the pier surface by ramming. Stress measurements outside of the liquefied/plastic zone indicate radial tension cracking in the elastic zone, which is consistent with the observation that pore pressures abruptly drop and momentarily can even become negative as soon as ramming stops. The drainage field created by extended radial cracking and hydraulic fracturing allows Rammed Aggregate Piers to be effective in saturated, fine-grained soils where other dynamic methods are reported to be less effective. Stress measurements indicate that liquefied soil injected into open tension cracks causes stress to be retained in the elastic zone through arching action. A stress path analysis indicates that lateral stress may play an important role in control of foundation settlement, by simulating an increase in the preconsolidation pressure without vertically surcharging the soil or waiting for it to consolidate.     

Translational Failure Analysis of Landfills

The scope of this paper is to develop a new approach to the two-part wedge method for translational failure analysis of landfills. The upper and lower bound solutions for the landfill stability, i.e., FSmax and FSmin, can be readily determined using this method. Using an average factor of safety, FSave, to replace the true factor of safety, FStrue, the differences between FSave and FStrue are within 5% for most considered cases. The solutions from the new method ensure that the waste strength is not exceeded anywhere within the waste mass. The calculated results agreed well with the results computed from the computer code PCSTABL6. The ability of the new method to calculate the translational failure of waste mass with a predetermined sliding failure face is demonstrated. Also, a waste filling sequence to keep the factor of safety above a stipulated value during the operation phase of the landfilling process can be generated.     

Inception Point and Air Concentration in Flows on Stepped Chutes Lined with Wedge-Shaped Concrete Blocks

Stepped channels lined with wedge-shaped concrete blocks are a promising solution to provide overtopping protection for embankment dams if the discharge capacity of existing spillways is not adequate. The paper addresses the characteristics of the two-phase transition and skimming flows in stepped channels lined with this type of block. An experimental setup was developed with two flumes designed with a relative scale of 1:2.5. Air concentration was measured with an optical probe in several cross sections of both flumes. The scale effects are analyzed. An expression for the location of the inception point is proposed. The vertical air concentration profiles and their longitudinal variation are studied, considering data and models proposed by other researchers. The establishment of the uniform flow regime is analyzed.     

Wedge Anchorage for CFRP Strips

For several decades wedge anchorages have been used with great success for the prestressing of steel strands in civil engineering structures. Due to the anisotropy of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) these wedges are not efficient with CFRP tendons. High lateral and shear stress values develop in the CFRP–wedge interface that lead to a premature failure of the CFRP. A comparison of different anchorage methods corroborates the outstanding advantages of wedge anchorages over other anchoring techniques. To benefit from these advantages, a new wedge design is presented that eliminates the high lateral and shear stress values in the CFRP–wedge interface of conventional wedges. Numerical simulations were performed to show the advantageous lateral and shear stress distributions. Tensile tests on 1.2?mm thick CFRP strips and a bonded CFRP–wedge interface reached ultimate loads higher than the guaranteed tensile load. The tests on 2.5?mm thick CFRP strips were performed with an adhesively bonded wedge–CFRP and a friction only interface. The ultimate loads in the tests were for the adhesively bonded interface 84 and 87% of the guaranteed tensile load, whereas the friction only interface was even able to anchor 93% of the tensile load.     

Electroelastic singularities in piezoelectric-elastic wedges and junctions

This paper concerns the determination of the order and angular variation of inplane singular electroelastic states due to material and geometric discontinuities in piezoelectric-elastic wedges and junctions. The mathematical complexity required for deriving the order and angular variation of singular electroelastic fields is avoided by an ad hoc developed one-dimensional finite element formulation. The polarization orientation of the piezoelectric material may be arbitrary. To illustrate the simplicity, accuracy and efficiency of the suggested procedure, the order and angular variation of singular electroelastic fields for practically useful piezoelectric-elastic wedges and junctions are computed and compared with the existing analytical solutions.     

Effect of Apparent Cohesion on Translational Failure Analyses of Landfills

The scope of this paper is to develop a new analysis method introducing the effect of apparent cohesion of the waste and/or liner materials on the translational failure of landfills. The apparent cohesion of the liner materials seriously affects the factor of safety (FS), especially for a liner interface with a low friction angle and high apparent cohesion. Obtaining accurate and reliable apparent cohesion for various liner materials becomes an important approach for translational failure analysis. The relationship between B and FSave for c>0 is different with that for c = 0. Using an equivalent friction angle to represent the apparent cohesion of the liner materials may lead to an unsafe result. Also, a waste filling sequence, to keep the FS above a stipulated value during the landfilling process, can be generated. The values of FSV/FSave varies between 1.9 and 2.1 and are concentrated around 2.0 when FSave ≥ 0.95. The approximate solutions of FS with adequate accuracy can be obtained by assuming FSV = 2.0?FS when FS?0.95.     

微波电路引线键合质量的影响因素分析

在一级封装的三种实现电气连接的互连方法中,内引线键合是一种传统的最成熟的技术.其工艺主要分为球焊与楔焊,其中后者由于焊点较小,适用于微波混合电路的组装.从工艺的角度出发,明确了除引线键合参数(超声频率和功率、温度、压力、时间)的设置以外,键合表面与界面的问题对引线键合的质量影响极大,并分别从键合材料的选用、键合表面的状态、键合工具的选型等三方面进行论述.同时结合实际工作,对常见的键合问题与原因分析以及引线键合质量评估的方法进行了说明.     

New Integral Representations in the Dynamic Uncoupled Thermoelasticity

New integral representations of homogeneous 3D uncoupled dynamic thermoelasticity for semi-infinite cylindrical domains with curvilinear surfaces placed at infinity and subject to mixed boundary conditions on the plane boundaries are obtained. The representations are given in the form of integral convolutions involving a Green's function for the parabolic heat conduction equation, as well as Green's function for the isothermal elastodynamics. A multi-integral representation of solution to a particular initial-boundary value problem for an infinite wedge is included.