一种多维集成直觉模糊信息的信任评价方法

信任是保证在线服务质量的前提。针对电子商务环境存在的复杂性、模糊性和不确定性等因素,引入直觉模糊理论,提出了一种多维集成直觉模糊信息的信任评价方法,给出了两类信任反馈属性集成直觉模糊信息的方法,通过直觉模糊熵确定属性权重,并利用直觉加权算数平均算子求出实体的综合直觉模糊数,从而全面、客观和细腻地反映信任的模糊性和不确定性。计算实例和仿真实验表明,基于多维集成直觉模糊信息的信任评估方法是可行的,通过对风险偏好因子的灵敏度分析,发现服务请求者风险偏好不同,则评估的服务提供商的信任得分也不同;同时也验证了该方法可以有效地抑制恶意节点的攻击,为电子商务环境下信任评价的研究提供了新思路。     

Effect of Acute Sprint Exercise on Myokines and Food Intake Hormones in Young Healthy Men

Physical exercise is known to influence hormonal mediators of appetite, but the effect of short-term maximal intensity exercise on plasma levels of appetite hormones and cytokines has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a 30 s Wingate Test, followed by a postprandial period, on appetite sensations, food intake, and appetite hormones. Twenty-six physically active young males rated their subjective feelings of hunger, prospective food consumption, and fatigue on visual analogue scales at baseline, after exercise was completed, and during the postprandial period. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of nesfatin-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), human growth factor (hGH) and cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin and plasma lactate concentrations, at 30 min before exercise, immediately (210 s) after exercise, and 30 min following a meal and at corresponding times in control sedentary males without ad libitum meal intake, respectively. Appetite perceptions and food intake were decreased in response to exercise. Plasma levels of irisin, IL-6, lactate, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin was increased after exercise and then it was returned to postprandial/control period in both groups. A significant rise in plasma insulin, hGH and PP levels after exercise was observed while meal intake potentiated this response. In conclusion, an acute short-term fatiguing exercise can transiently suppress hunger sensations and food intake in humans. We postulate that this physiological response involves exercise-induced alterations in plasma hormones and the release of myokines such as irisin and IL-6, and supports the notion of existence of the skeletal muscle–brain–gut axis. Nevertheless, the detailed relationship between acute exercise releasing myokines, appetite sensations and impairment of this axis leading to several diseases should be further examined.     

Smelling our appetite? The influence of food odors on congruent appetite,food preferences and intake

We are surrounded by sensory food cues, such as odors, that may trigger (un)conscious decisions and even lead to (over)eating, it is therefore crucial to better understand the effect of food odors on behavioral responses. Food odor exposure has been shown to enhance appetite for food products with similar properties: sensory-specific appetite. This suggests that based on previous encounters with foods, we have learned to detect the nutritional content of foods, through our sense of smell. We investigated the influence of aware exposure of macronutrient-related odors on various measures of eating behavior, in a cross-over intervention study. Thirty two normal-weight healthy and unrestrained Dutch females took part in five test sessions. On each test session, they were exposed to one of five conditions (active smelling of clearly noticeable odors representing food high in carbohydrates, protein, and fat, low in calories, and a no-odor condition for 3-min) and assessed on specific appetite, food preferences and intake. Odor exposure increased congruent appetite after protein-related odor exposure. Similarly, protein-related odor exposure influenced the liking for protein foods and the preference ranking for savory products. However, food intake was not affected by smelling congruent food odors. Together this indicates that exposure to (aware) food odors may mostly influence appetite, but does not impact subsequent food intake. Moreover, appetite seems to be triggered by taste qualities rather than macronutrient information of the food, as signaled by olfactory cues. Future studies should investigate the role of awareness in more detail, to fully understand how odors might be used to steer people towards healthier food choices.     

受风险偏好影响的旅行社收益纳什均衡模型

构建了在两种货币政策下和受风险偏好程度不同的影响下,旅行社采取不同融资策略的收益纳什均衡模型.还构建了包含收益效用与融资效用的效用函数.通过探究在不同的融资策略下,根据旅行社的均衡质量、数量与个性化来计算出收益,提出了均衡条件并用变分不等式证明了均衡解的存在性,提供了有关线上销售公司的旅游产品的案例分析.     

Systematic literature review shows that appetite rating does not predict energy intake

Ratings of appetite are commonly used to assess appetite modification following an intervention. Subjectively rated appetite is a widely employed proxy measure for energy intake (EI), measurement of which requires greater time and resources. However, the validity of appetite as a reliable predictor of EI has not yet been reviewed systematically. This literature search identified studies that quantified both appetite ratings and EI. Outcomes were predefined as: (1) agreement between self-reported appetite scores and EI; (2) no agreement between self-reported appetitescores and EI. The presence of direct statistical comparison between the endpoints, intervention type and study population were also recorded. 462 papers were included in this review. Appetite scores failed to correspond with EI in 51.3% of the total studies. Only 6% of all studies evaluated here reported a direct statistical comparison between appetite scores and EI. χ² analysis demonstrated that any relationship between EI and appetite was independent of study type stratification by age, gender or sample size. The very substantive corpus reviewed allows us to conclude that self-reported appetite ratings of appetite do not reliably predict EI. Caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions based from self-reported appetite scores in relation to prospective EI.     

Acute-phase protein α-1-acid glycoprotein is negatively associated with feed intake in postpartum dairy cows

α-1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute-phase protein that may suppress dry matter intake (DMI), potentially by acting on the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus. Our objectives were to characterize plasma AGP concentration and associations with DMI during the transition period, and to determine the utility of AGP to identify or predict cows with low DMI. Plasma samples (n = 2,086) from 434 Holstein cows in 6 studies were analyzed on d ?21, ?13 ± 2, ?3, 1, 3, 7 ± 1, 14 ± 1, and 21 ± 1 relative to parturition. A commercially available ELISA kit specific for bovine AGP was validated, and 2 internal controls were analyzed on each plate with interplate variation of 15.0 and 17.3%, respectively. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between AGP and DMI. For significant associations, treatment(study) was added to the model, and quadratic associations were included in the model if significant. Plasma AGP concentration (±SEM) increased from 213 ± 37.3 μg/mL on d ?3 to 445 ± 60.0 μg/mL on d 14. On d 3, AGP was associated negatively with DMI in a quadratic manner for wk 1 and wk 2 and linearly for wk 3. Day 7 AGP was associated negatively with DMI in a quadratic manner for wk 2 and linearly for wk 3. Similarly, d 14 AGP was negatively associated with DMI for wk 3 and wk 4. As d 3 AGP concentration increased over the interquartile range, a calculated 1.4 (8.5%), 0.5 (2.7%), and 0.4 (1.9%) kg/d reduction in predicted DMI was detected during wk 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Using bivariate analysis, d 3 AGP explained 10% of the variation in DMI during wk 1. We explored the clinical utility of d 3 AGP to diagnose low DMI, defined as wk 1 DMI >1 standard deviation below the mean. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a threshold of 480.9 μg/mL, providing 76% specificity and 48% sensitivity (area under the curve = 0.60). Limited associations occurred between AGP and blood biomarkers; however, AGP was associated with plasma haptoglobin concentration postpartum and incidence of displaced abomasum, retained placenta, and metritis. These results demonstrate a negative association between plasma AGP concentration and DMI in early-postpartum dairy cows, although its diagnostic performance was marginal. Further investigation into whether AGP directly suppresses DMI in dairy cattle is warranted.     

不同黏度魔芋葡甘聚糖对食欲和能量摄入量的影响

目的探讨食品的黏度特性对受试者餐后食欲和能量摄入量的影响。方法通过网络发布3因素进食问卷(three-factor eating questionnaire, TFEQ)招募受试者;以视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scales, VAS)记录受试者餐后的饥饿感、饱腹感、进食欲望和期望进食量的变化;计算受试者的平均食欲率(meanappetite ratings, MAR)及其食欲的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC),并以此作为测试餐饱腹性能的评价指标;为受试者提供随意午餐并记录其进食至完全满足时的能量摄入量。结果同控制组测试餐相比,低、中、高黏度测试餐的饱腹感指数(satiety index, SI)依次达到了127.63%、141.81%和178.43%。并且,与控制组受试者相比,低、中、高黏度组受试者的饱腹感依次提高了31.50%、46.66%和78.63%,饥饿感则分别下降了28.54%、42.92%和60.93%。经不同黏度的测试早餐干预后,在随后的测试午餐实验中,低、中、高黏度组受试者的能量摄入量相比于控制组依次下降了6.69%、10.40%和12.50%。结论食物的黏度对受试者的食欲有显著的影响,一定范围内,食物的黏度越大,其饱腹感指数越大,受试者的饱腹感也随之增加,而饥饿感随之减小。因此,利用魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjacglucomannan,KGM)的高黏特性可以显著提升食物的饱腹性能,从而有效抑制受试者餐后的进食欲望并降低其能量摄入量。     

Increased milk protein content and whey-to-casein ratio in milk served with breakfast cereal reduce postprandial glycemia in healthy adults: An examination of mechanisms of action

This study describes the effects on glycemic response and the underlying mechanisms of action of increasing the protein concentration and decreasing the casein-to-whey ratio in milk when consumed with a high glycemic breakfast cereal. Twelve healthy men and women, aged 18 to 30 yr and with a body mass index of 20 to 24.9 kg/m², consumed (in random order) milk beverages (250 mL) containing either 3.1 or 9.3% protein and casein-to-whey ratios of either 80:20 or 40:60. We measured postprandial appetite, glucose, regulatory hormones, and stomach emptying rate over 200 min, as well as food intake at an ad libitum meal at 120 min. Although pre-meal appetite was suppressed to a greater extent with milk beverages that had high (9.3%) compared with regular (3.1%) protein content, food intake was similar among all 4 treatments. Pre-meal mean blood glucose was lower with beverages that had high rather than regular milk protein content, with the lowest glucose peaks after the high milk protein treatment with the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio. Pre-meal insulin and C-peptide levels were not affected by milk protein content or casein-to-whey ratio, but pre-meal glucagon-like peptide 1 was higher after the treatment containing high milk protein and the 40:60 casein-to-whey ratio, and pre-meal cholecystokinin was higher after the treatments containing high milk protein content. Plasma paracetamol response was also lower after the treatments containing high compared with regular milk protein content. When consumed with carbohydrate, milk beverages with high protein content and (to a lesser extent) a decreased casein-to-whey ratio lowered postprandial glycemia through insulin-independent mechanisms, primarily associated with delayed stomach emptying.