基于FA/MR分析方法的徐州市大气颗粒物PAHs源解析

在徐州市布设3个采样点,进行大气颗粒物采样.通过因子分析法（FA）判断徐州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要来源,并利用多元逐步回归法（MR）确定各污染源对多环芳烃污染的贡献率.结果表明,徐州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要来源为交通污染源、燃煤污染源和高温加热源,贡献率分别为61.4%、20.5%和16.1%.     

大气颗粒物源解析监测中的质量控制

为确保石家庄市大气颗粒物源解析研究数据的准确性和精密性,首先结合城市自然环境、能源结构、大气环境质量现状等进行合理布点采样,同时在大气颗粒物样品采集、滤膜称量、化学组分分析等监测过程中实施了空白分析、实验室平行样分析、标准曲线绘制与核查、加标回收、有证标准物质核查等一系列质量保证措施,通过对这些质量保证措施实施情况的阐述与质量控制数据的统计、计算与分析,证明了该大气颗粒物源解析监测工作从样品采集及其称量到化学组分分析等全过程是真实有效的,表明了石家庄市大气颗粒物源解析监测数据的准确性和监测工作的可靠性.     

Interstate Water Conflicts and Individual Rights

Abstract

This study addresses the right of individuals to participate in equitable apportionment actions in the United States Supreme Court involving the allocation of interstate water resources. Given the scope of the parens patriae doctrine, the state represents the interests of all of the state's citizens. This limits the role of individuals to that of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”). Furthermore, any allocation of interstate water resources is likely to be a mass allocation to the state parties to the litigation. Such an allocation may not be sufficient to fulfill all of the demands for water in the respective states. Finally, after noting that individual water rights are “incomplete” forms of property rights that derive from the rights of the state, the study concludes that it may be in the best interest of individual water users to attempt to resolve interstate water conflicts by means other than litigation in the Supreme Court.     

选举投票系统中主机软件的设计与实现

为了提高基于OCR技术的选举投票系统效率,提出了系统主机端软件的设计方法.该方法将主机端软件和票箱端软件统一起来考虑,充分考虑选举信息,利用选票中相关对象的位置数据设计选票,将选票格式数据发送到票箱,实现一系列选举投票系统功能,从而开发出一套主机端软件.该方法使得选票版面可以更复杂、基于选票格式数据而设计的票箱端识别软件定位速度更快,有效提高了系统效率,选举投票系统更加完善.     

Composition of the Council of Representatives: Report on the Apportionment Ballot for Representation Year 2006.

Each year, the apportionment ballot is used to determine how many representatives each division and state, provincial, or territorial association will have on the Council of Representatives. This article reports on the apportionment ballot for representation year 2006. The annual apportionment ballot to determine the composition of the 2006 Council resulted in a total of 162 seats. This compares with a total of 162 in 2004. Including the 13 members of the Board of Directors, the number of Council seats will be 175 for 2006. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Particulate matter chemical component concentrations and sources in settings of household solid fuel use

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution derives from combustion and non‐combustion sources and consists of various chemical species that may differentially impact human health and climate. Previous reviews of PM chemical component concentrations and sources focus on high‐income urban settings, which likely differ from the low‐ and middle‐income settings where solid fuel (ie, coal, biomass) is commonly burned for cooking and heating. We aimed to summarize the concentrations of PM chemical components and their contributing sources in settings where solid fuel is burned. We searched the literature for studies that reported PM component concentrations from homes, personal exposures, and direct stove emissions under uncontrolled, real‐world conditions. We calculated weighted mean daily concentrations for select PM components and compared sources of PM determined by source apportionment. Our search criteria yielded 48 studies conducted in 12 countries. Weighted mean daily cooking area concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, and benzo(a)pyrene were 18.8 μg m^?3, 74.0 μg m^?3, and 155 ng m^?3, respectively. Solid fuel combustion explained 29%‐48% of principal component/factor analysis variance and 41%‐87% of PM mass determined by positive matrix factorization. Multiple indoor and outdoor sources impacted PM concentrations and composition in these settings, including solid fuel burning, mobile emissions, dust, and solid waste burning.     

大气颗粒物及其组成研究进展(上)

颗粒物是空气中最重要的污染物之一,由于颗粒物表面的吸附作用,其组分非常复杂,其中含有多种有毒有害的化学成分,对大气环境造成不良影响,并危及人体健康。借助大气颗粒物及其组成成分的测定,通过污染源解析分析其来源及影响因素,控制大气颗粒物的排放,对于保证大气环境质量、改善人们的生存环境具有重大意义。本文对此进行综述。着重介绍大气颗粒物及其组成成分、源解析及测量技术的最新进展。     

Characterizing sources and emissions of volatile organic compounds in a northern California residence using space‐ and time‐resolved measurements

We investigate source characteristics and emission dynamics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a single‐family house in California utilizing time‐ and space‐resolved measurements. About 200 VOC signals, corresponding to more than 200 species, were measured during 8 weeks in summer and five in winter. Spatially resolved measurements, along with tracer data, reveal that VOCs in the living space were mainly emitted directly into that space, with minor contributions from the crawlspace, attic, or outdoors. Time‐resolved measurements in the living space exhibited baseline levels far above outdoor levels for most VOCs; many compounds also displayed patterns of intermittent short‐term enhancements (spikes) well above the indoor baseline. Compounds were categorized as “high‐baseline” or “spike‐dominated” based on indoor‐to‐outdoor concentration ratio and indoor mean‐to‐median ratio. Short‐term spikes were associated with occupants and their activities, especially cooking. High‐baseline compounds indicate continuous indoor emissions from building materials and furnishings. Indoor emission rates for high‐baseline species, quantified with 2‐hour resolution, exhibited strong temperature dependence and were affected by air‐change rates. Decomposition of wooden building materials is suggested as a major source for acetic acid, formic acid, and methanol, which together accounted for ~75% of the total continuous indoor emissions of high‐baseline species.     

Modeling the pathways and attenuation of nutrients from domestic wastewater treatment systems at a catchment scale

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems (DWTS) are often cited as significant sources of pollution in rural catchments. A mass balance based model has been developed to determine annual nutrient loading from individual DWTS into rivers in Ireland. The transport and attenuation of nitrogen and phosphorus in DWTS effluent to groundwater and surface water has been formulated using the results from field research in Ireland, as well as being informed by other international studies. Conceptually the model splits the transport of nutrients to the river into three pathways: direct to surface water (for areas of inadequate percolation), a near surface (subsoil) pathway, and a groundwater pathway. The model quantifies the net nutrient contribution for each DWTS and has been incorporated into a broader source load apportionment catchment model which includes agricultural inputs, thereby enabling the relative risk of nutrient pollution from DWTS in a catchment to be defined.     

空气环境中PM2.5研究进展

大气细颗粒物PM2．5是大气气溶胶的一部分,由于其粒径小以及可为毒性物质提供载体,对环境和人体的健康产生很大的影响。本文总结了国内外有关细颗粒物PM2．5的研究现状,主要围绕细颗粒物PM2．5的基本污染特征与分析方法、健康效应、来源解析等方面进行了论述,并对其研究动向进行了展望。