The development of a single-item Food Choice Questionnaire

Based on the multi-item Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) originally developed by Steptoe and colleagues (1995), the current study developed a single-item FCQ that provides an acceptable balance between practical needs and psychometric concerns. Studies 1 (N = 1851) and 2 (2a (N = 3290), 2b (N = 4723), 2c (N = 270)) showed that the single-item FCQ scale has good convergent and discriminant validity. Generally, the results showed the highest correlations with the related multi-item dimensions (>0.40). Study 2 refined the scale. Only the items for convenience (Study 2a), sensory appeal (Study 2b) and mood (Study 2c) needed to be revised (as Study 1 showed a correlation between the multi-item and the single-item below the threshold of 0.60). The results also showed comparable predictive validity. Both methods revealed similar association patterns between food motives and consumption behaviours (Fisher’s z tests revealed agreements of 86.2% for Study 1, 92.9% for Study 2a and 100% for Studies 2b and 2c). Study 3 (N = 6062) showed an example of the added value of a context-specific application for the single-item FCQ. Different motives were shown to be relevant across contexts, and the context-specific motives had additional explained variance beyond the general multi-item FCQ. Studies 2b and 3 also showed the performance of the single-item FCQ in an international context. In sum, the results indicate that the single-item FCQ can be used as a flexible and short substitute for the multi-item FCQ. The study also discusses the conditions that should be considered when using the single-item scale.     

Modelling consumer choice through the random regret minimization model: An application in the food domain

In line with findings on post-purchase food-choice regret, one can expect that pre-purchase anticipated regret with respect to forgone (non-chosen) alternatives has an impact on consumer food choices, especially when the choice is considered to be important. The traditional Random Utility Maximization (RUM) models for discrete choices may not fully capture this impact. This study investigates the usefulness and potential in the food domain of a discrete choice model that follows the regret minimization principle, the Random Regret Minimization (RRM) model, as an alternative and complement to existing RUM models. The two models are applied to consumer stated choices of cheese in a choice experiment. The study also investigates whether and to what extent a number of personality traits determine whether particular consumers rather choose according to utility-maximization, or regret-minimization principles. Results show that at the aggregate level the two models have a similar goodness of fit to the data and prediction ability. Still, each of them shows better fit for particular subgroups of consumers, based on personality traits. Hence, the present study reveals a potential for the RRM model applications in the food domain, and adds to the empirical literature supporting previous findings on the RRM model found in other contexts. Further research is needed to explore in which situations and for which consumer segments the RRM model is the most useful model.     

浅论国内大中型磷铵装置技术改造路线的选择

简述国内磷酸二铵的建设情况及不同的生产工艺、原有磷酸二铵装置改造选用的工艺及生产情况 ,重点介绍 Incro工艺在云南红河州磷肥厂年产 12万吨磷铵装置中的改造情况 ,经过比较认为原采用预中和槽流程磷酸二铵装置增产改造时选用 Incro工艺比较合适     

Choice With Initial and Terminal Link Reinforcement: An Alternative Self-Control Paradigm.

Self-control is demonstrated when a less desirable immediate outcome is chosen to ensure a substantially better future. In a novel animal analogue of this situation, primary reinforcement was delivered in both the initial and terminal links of a concurrent chain schedule. Rats made initial link choices between equal amounts of ethanol-free or ethanol-containing milk. Choosing the ethanol-free reinforcer resulted in delivery of the larger terminal link reinforcer and was thus analogous to self-control. Self-control decreased as the delay between initial and terminal links increased. The results have implications for human choice situations where decisions are made between two immediately available reinforcement alternatives each associated with a different delayed outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

会计政策选择的效率性分析

会计政策选择类型在理论上大体可分为机会主义型和效率(或有效契约)型。会计政策选择具有效率性,但也为经理人员的机会主义行为打开了大门。在我国,由于企业缺乏一系列有效的激励约束机制,会计政策选择的机会主义仍然严重。为此,必须建立适合我国企业有效的激励约束机制。     

Degrees of destitution: a typology of homelessness in developing countries

There is an ongoing attempt to develop a globally acceptable definition of homelessness. Whether such a definition is broad and inclusive of squatters, and those living in particularly poor quality housing, or narrowly focused on street homelessness, it is likely to include a large population. Therefore, we are left with a need to develop criteria for identifying, allocating and prioritising appropriate support. Drawing on a study of homelessness in nine developing countries, this paper presents a new categorisation or typology of homelessness, based on choice and opportunity. It highlights the way in which homeless people, living in identical shelter situations, and for ostensibly similar reasons, might require different responses to support them out of homelessness. This paper does not seek to debate the definition of homelessness but to stimulate discussion on finding a way to identify and prioritise the needs of those included within any given definition.     

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本文根据灰色系统理论中的灰色决策原理,提出了一种合理选择钻机的新方法,并通过了实例验证。结果表明,这种方法切实可行。     

浅析当今写意青花的题材选择

青花装饰是景德镇的传统装饰方法之一，其中的写意青花又以其简约萧疏的艺术特征获得了人们的普遍喜爱。针对时代的变化影响，研究了当今写意青花在题材选择上与传统写意青花的差异。     

Emissions control policies under uncertainty and rational learning in a linear-state dynamic model

We compare the use of price-based policies or taxes, and quantity-based policies or quotas, for controlling emissions in a dynamic setup when the regulator faces two sources of uncertainty: (i) market-related uncertainty; and (ii) ecological uncertainty. We assume that the regulator is a rational Bayesian learner and the regulator and firms have asymmetric information. In our model the structure of Bayesian learning is general. Our results suggest that the expected level of emissions is the same under taxes and quotas. However, the comparison of the total benefits related to these policies suggests that taxes dominate quotas, that is, they provide a higher social welfare. Even though taxes have some benefits over quotas, neither learning nor ecological uncertainty affect the choice of policy, i.e., the only factor having such an impact is uncertainty in the instantaneous net emissions benefits (market-related uncertainty). Besides, the more volatile is this uncertainty, the more benefits of taxes over quotas. Ecological uncertainty leads to a difference between the emissions rule under the informed and the rational learning assumptions. However, the direction of this difference depends on the beliefs bias with regard to ecological uncertainty. We also find that a change in the regulator’s beliefs toward more optimistic views will increase the emissions.     

腐殖(植)酸与食品源头安全--腐殖(植)酸是构筑食品源头安全的最佳选择

腐殖（植）酸（Humic Acid，以下简称HA）是天然有机化合物。在农业应用上十分广泛，主要有土壤改良剂、肥料、农药、植物生长剂、兽药、饲料添加剂、水产养殖剂等产品。从狭义的角度说，食品生产源头指土、水、肥、药、种等主要生产环节的硬条件。HA与食品生产源头诸要素之问关系密切。HA与土壤：土壤是种植业依赖的生命基础；HA是土壤有机质中的重要组成部分，也是最活跃的部分。HA与水：水是生命之源；HA在水生体系中普遍存在，是转运大多数生命必需物质甚至毒性物质的一种非常好的工具。HA与肥料：肥料是植物的粮食；HA在改良肥料、增加肥效、提高肥料利用率、协调各种营养等方面具有非常重要的作用。HA与农药：农药是植物的保护伞；HA具有提高农药药效、降低农药毒性、保护农业环境的基本条件。HA与种苗：种苗不好，作物不保；HA是孵化种苗的“保育剂”。除土、水、肥、药、种外，HA因其具有生理活性特征，而与种植业相关的诸多因素均有良好的协同作用。在此基础上，由HA开发的农用产品，涉足改土、活水、制肥、制药、种苗处理及其他衍生制剂等6大类产品，足以构筑起立体农业的防护体系，也是构筑食品源头安全的最佳选择。