The Bromine Electrode. Part I: Adsorption Phenomena at Polycrystalline Platinum Electrodes

A cyclic voltammetric study of the behaviour of Br^– and Br^– ₃ at Pt electrodes, in the potential range between hydrogen and oxygen evolution, is described. Different experiments were carried out, in the presence of Br^– and Br^– ₃, in which the ratio between the species has been kept constant and equal to 1. The halide concentration was varied between 4 × 10^–6 and 1 × 10^–3 and mol dm^–3, at constant ionic strength, in 1 M HclO₄ as well as in 1 M NaClO₄ adjusted to a pH of 2. Underpotential deposition of Br is observed at potentials as low as –0.125 V vs SCE. The adsorption parameters of Br species were determined from the adsorption/desorption peak pair in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption region, and from the oxide reduction peak data. In the absence of oxygen adsorption, a relatively high coverage of the electrode surface is attained. A Langmuir-type adsorption is observed under the different experimental conditions.     

活性炭粉末电极电容除盐与膜电容除盐对比

为研究电容法除盐技术(CDI)与膜电容法除盐技术(MCDI)除盐效果的差异,获得具有较优除盐特性的电除盐体系,选用成本较低的活性碳粉末作为电容法除盐体系的电极材料,研究CDI与MCDI对不同质量浓度盐水的处理效果．结果表明,随着处理盐溶液质量浓度的提高,CDI与MCDI的电吸附量均有提高,且MCDI电吸附效果的优势更为明显. 当盐水质量浓度由0.05 g／L上升到0.5 g／L时,MCDI的电吸附量由99.4 μmol／g升至694.4 μmol／g,而CDI的电吸附量仅由80.3 μmol／g变化至135.7 μmol／g．     

纳米多孔材料炭气凝胶及其在电吸附领域的应用

炭气凝胶作为一种新型具有特殊无定型结构的功能材料引起了各国研究者的极大兴趣.随着电吸附理论的发展,炭气凝胶日益成为具有诱人发展前景的电吸附材料.阐述了炭气凝胶的发展、研究动态及应用前景,探讨了电吸附理论及其基本原理,着重就炭气凝胶在电吸附领域的工业应用进行论述.     

Fundamentals of electrosorption on activated carbon for wastewater treatment of industrial effluents

The potential of electroadsorption/desorption on activated carbon for waste water treatment of industrial effluents is studied. Adsorption isotherms of hydrophobic differently charged model substances on activated carbon were measured in order to obtain specific information about the influence of the charge (+1,–1 and 0) on the adsorbability of comparable, aromatic species and the influence of the bed potential on the adsorption equilibria. In all these cases the adsorption equilibria show a dependence on applied potential in electrolyte of approximately 1m ionic strength. With electrosorption from aqueous solution, a fivefold enhancement of the concentration in one potential controlled adsorption/desorption cycle is achievable. The use of the solvent methanol instead of water for desorption allows for a concentration enhancement by a factor of hundred in the desorptive step. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon changes only slightly with cycle number. Two cell designs for the performance of potential controlled adsorption/desorption cycles on the large scale are discussed.     

皖北某市地下水水厂升级改造工艺设计探讨

介绍了电渗析、电吸附和反渗透处理工艺设计,针对皖北地区地下水源氟化物（以F-离子计）、离子盐（主要为SO4-、Na＋）超标的情况,提出了3种可行性处理方案,并进行了技术及经济比较.结果表明,电渗析工艺投资较低,运行成本略高;电吸附工艺投资及运行成本较高,但电吸附的设备寿命长;反渗透工艺投资略高,运行成本最低.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study on carbon oxides adsorption in the presence of electrosorbed hydrogen on Pd alloys with Pt and Rh

CO₂ and CO adsorption on Pd-Pt and Pd-Rh alloys has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Adsorbed CO₂ inhibits partially hydrogen adsorption on Pt and Rh surface atoms but does not block significantly hydrogen absorption into alloy bulk. In the presence of adsorbed CO both hydrogen adsorption and absorption are strongly suppressed. On electrodes covered with adsorbed CO the oxidation of previously absorbed hydrogen is significantly shifted into higher potentials. The EQCM response in CO₂/CO adsorption experiments is affected by both the effects connected with the changes in mass attached to the resonator and the non-mass effects including changes in metal-solution interactions and variation of solution density and viscosity in the vicinity of the electrode. Differences in the EQCM behavior suggest that the products of CO₂ and CO adsorption on the alloys studied are not totally identical.     

Capacitive characteristics and electrosorption of hydrogen in microporous aсtivated carbon fibers

The possibility of hydrogen electrosorption in microporous activated carbons for acidic and alkaline electrolytes is shown. The electrochemical behavior of activated carbon fiber CH-900-20 has been investigated to find out the main factors, which influence the charging processes of microporous electrodes. The following methods were used: cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. A comparative analysis of the influence of the electrolyte type and electrode structure on the capacitance performances of carbon has been carried out. It is assumed that there is a potential barrier at the interface between micropores and macropores. The features of the process of hydrogen electrosorption in carbon micropores have been analyzed in detail. A possible mechanism of electrosorption in micropores that decreases the capacitance of the electric double layer with a corresponding drop of the electronic conductance of activated carbons in acidic electrolytes has been suggested. The influence of temperature on the kinetics of hydrogen electrosorption has been shown and the activation energy of this process has been estimated. An assumption has been made about the influence of the semiconductor conductivity of activated carbons on the capacitive and resistive characteristics of the electrodes.     

Cl electrosorption on Ag(1 0 0): Lateral interactions and electrosorption valency from comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with chronocoulometry experiments

We present Monte Carlo simulations using an equilibrium lattice-gas model for the electrosorption of Cl on Ag(1 0 0) single-crystal surfaces. Fitting the simulated isotherms to chronocoulometry experiments, we extract parameters such as the electrosorption valency γ and the next-nearest-neighbor lateral interaction energy ϕ_nnn. Both coverage-dependent and coverage-independent γ were previously studied, assuming a constant ϕ_nnn [I. Abou Hamad, Th. Wandlowski, G. Brown, P.A. Rikvold, J. Electroanal. Chem. 554–555 (2003) 211]. Here, a self-consistent, entirely electrostatic picture of the lateral interactions with a coverage-dependent ϕ_nnn is developed, and a relationship between ϕ_nnn and γ is investigated for Cl on Ag(1 0 0).     

炭气凝胶电极电吸附脱盐性能的研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料,通过溶胶-凝胶反应、超临界干燥、炭化等工艺合成制备出炭气凝胶,对炭气凝胶的微观结构进行了表征,并研究了炭气凝胶电极在不同电压和在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的电吸附性能。实验结果表明炭气凝胶电极具有很高的吸附效率,在20min内基本达到吸附平衡。随着外加电压的加大,处理溶液浓度的升高,炭气凝胶电极吸附平衡时间减小,单位吸附量增加,吸附单元内电流增加。     

电吸附技术用于处理城市污水再生水的中试研究

通过中试试验,对电吸附技术处理城市再生水的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,当设备进水流量0.5m3/h,极板电压1.5 V时,在平均进水电导率为1 860μS/cm条件下,平均脱盐率为74.8%,能耗1.42 kW.h/t;在平均进水电导率为3 862μS/cm条件下,平均脱盐率为72.4%,能耗1.86 kW.h/t,中试期间平均产水率为82.2%。电吸附技术对TDS、氯化物以及总硬度均有良好的去除效果,且能耗低、产水率高、操作简单,可用于城市污水再生水的脱盐处理。