Strain differences among chickens in tonic immobility: evidence for an emotionality component

Substantial strain differences in tonic immobility were found between different breeds of chickens. Crossbreeding between strains showing different immobility durations yielded hybrids that exhibited intermediate reactions. For purpose of relating the strain differences in tonic immobility to more conventional measures of emotionality, data were collected on open-field activity, defecation, and adrenal weight. Overall, the results implicated strain-specific differences in emotionality as being the basis for the observed differences in immobility. Latency to defecate in an open field, however, was highly correlated with latency to ambulate. It was argued that defecation, rather than being an absolute measure of fear or emotionality, may in fact be an intermediate response to gradual fear reduction.     

企业人本管理中感性与理性的融合

通过对企业管理具体案例的剖析和经营管理实际情况的探讨,指出企业人本管理中存在的理性化倾向和感性化倾向,并在此基础上提出理性与感性之间和谐相融、平衡协调的思路与方法,从而避免人本管理失之偏颇的弊端,使企业人本管理得到有效实施。     

Child negative emotionality and parenting from infancy to preschool: A meta-analytic review.

This meta-analytic review (k = 62 studies; N = 7,613 mother-child dyads) shows that effect sizes for the association between child negative emotionality and parenting were generally small and were moderated by sample and measurement characteristics. The association between more child negative emotionality and less supportive parenting was relatively strong in lower socioeconomic status families, reversed in higher socioeconomic status families, and limited to studies with relatively high percentages of participants from ethnic minorities and studies using parent report to assess negative emotionality. Higher levels of child negative emotionality were associated with more restrictive control in samples with less than 75% 1st-born children, as well as in infants and preschoolers, and in studies using parent report or composite measures to assess both negative emotionality and restrictive parenting. Finally, more child negative emotionality was associated with less inductive control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Relations of Problem Behavior Status to Children's Negative Emotionality, Effortful Control, and Impulsivity: Concurrent Relations and Prediction of Change.

The relations of children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors to their concurrent regulation, impulsivity (reactive undercontrol), anger, sadness, and fearfulness and these aspects of functioning 2 years prior were examined. Parents and teachers completed measures of children's (N = 185; ages 6 through 9 years) adjustment, negative emotionality, regulation, and behavior control; behavioral measures of regulation also were obtained. In general, both internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with negative emotionality. Externalizers were low in effortful regulation and high in impulsivity, whereas internalizers, compared with nondisordered children, were low in impulsivity but not effortful control. Moreover, indices of negative emotionality, regulation, and impulsivity with the level of the same variables 2 years before controlled predicted stability versus change in problem behavior status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temperament in Childhood Predicts Body Mass in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

This study examined associations of temperament at ages 6 to 12 with body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) at ages 24 to 30 years. The participants were 619 men and women derived from the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Temperament was operationalized as (negative) emotionality, sociability, and activity. High emotionality predicted increased BMI, independently of WC, and independently of childhood and adulthood risk factors for adult obesity. None of the temperament dimensions had any associations with WC after controlling for BMI. The findings suggest that temperamental difficulty in childhood may be a useful risk indicator for general body mass in adulthood, and the mechanisms relating temperament with body mass should be further explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Anticipating Trends: Comments on Piagetian Research: A Handbook of Recent Studies by Sohan Modgil.

Reviews the book, Anticipating Trends: Comments on Piagetian Research: A Handbook of Recent Studies by Sohan Modgil (1974). Modgil's book "Piagetian Research" reflects the enormous extent to which American psychology has progressively been influenced by Piagetian theory, as recently as the last ten years. Piagetian concepts have manifested themselves in education (curriculum planning), psychopathology, child rearing practices, philosophy and test construction. Modgil aimed his book at the Piagetian researcher who already has a thorough knowledge of Piaget's theories and of Piaget's importance. It is intended to act as a sort of psychological abstracts of Piagetian research, covering original research between 1965 and December 1972 (there are also some references to research appearing as late as August 1973). As such it is an invaluable reference book. The 12 chapters of the book cover work either in the area of cognitive development or work directly related to Piaget's theory (e.g. chapter 11: Personality, socialization and emotionality related to Piaget's theory). Modgil gives a skimpy review of the range of recent studies at the beginning of each chapter. The bibliography alone (over 1500 references) makes the book a valuable source of information (65% of the references date from 1965 on). The book would appear to be highly useful to the Piagetian researcher who wants to get a quick idea of the relevant literature in his particular area or of related areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion.

This research examined whether facets of schizotypy were differentially related to cognitive control and emotion-processing traits. In a confirmatory factor analysis (N = 261), a 3-factor model of schizotypy exhibited good fit and fit significantly better than a 2-factor model. In addition, only disorganized schizotypy was associated with poor cognitive control (specifically, prepotent inhibition). Moreover, disorganized but not positive schizotypy was associated with increased emotional confusion and increased emotionality. In contrast, negative schizotypy was associated with increased emotional confusion but decreased emotionality. These results suggest that disorganized schizotypy is related to dysregulation of both cognition and emotion and that negative schizotypy might reflect deficits in the experience and processing of emotion and not just in emotional expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of stimulus emotionality and sentence generation on memory for words in adults with unilateral brain damage.

Does sentence generation and/or stimulus emotionality enhance verbal memory in patients with neurological impairment? This question was addressed by testing 40 patients with unilateral stroke (20 with left-brain and 20 with right-brain damage) and 20 healthy control participants for recall and recognition of 48 target words. During encoding, emotional and nonemotional words were either presented in sentences (read condition) or used to form sentences (generate condition). Both word emotionality and generative processing improved memory performance in all groups. The authors suggest that a similar influence (i.e., cognitive activation) underlies both of these memory-enhancing effects, although the putative origins of the 2 effects are quite different. Neuropsychological underpinnings and clinical implications of these phenomena are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Identifying Psychopathy Subtypes on the Basis of Personality Structure.

The authors used model-based cluster analysis to identify subtypes of criminal psychopaths on the basis of differences in personality structure. Participants included 96 male prisoners diagnosed as psychopathic, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991). Personality was assessed using the brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-BF; C. J. Patrick, J. J. Curtin, & A. Tellegen, 2002). The best-fitting model yielded two clusters. Emotionally stable psychopaths were characterized by low Stress Reaction and high Agency. Aggressive psychopaths were characterized by high Negative Emotionality, low Constraint, and low Communion. These results suggest that psychopaths as defined by the PCL-R includes distinct subtypes, distinguishable in terms of personality structure, that may reflect different etiologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Incubation effect: Role of awareness in an immediate versus delayed test of conditioned emotionality.

"The purpose of the study was to test the view that conditioned emotionality, as measured by the GSR, increases after a delay and that this increase is greater when the subject is aware of the relation between the CS and UCS. Certain words were associated with shock. The subject was aware of the relation between one word and shock but was unaware of the relation between a second word and shock. The GSR to these words was compared to the GSR to a word not associated with shock." The results confirmed the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)