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1.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(45):19916-19934
In the present study, non-premixed combustion and NOx emission of H2, NH3, C3H8, and CH4 fuels have been studied in a combustion test unit under lean mixture conditions (λ = 4) at 8.6 kW thermal capacity. Furthermore, the combustion and NOx emission of the H2, C3H8, and CH4 fuels have been investigated for various NH3 enrichment ratios (5, 10, 20, and 50%) and excess air coefficients (λ = 1.1, 2, 3, and 4) at the same thermal capacity. The obtained results have been compared for each fuel. Numerical simulation results show that H2 emits intense energy through the reaction zone despite the lowest fuel consumption in mass, among others, due to its high calorific value. Therefore, it has a higher flame temperature than others. At the same time, C3H8 has the lowest flame temperature. Besides, NH3 has the shortest flame length among others, while C3H8 has the most extended flame form. The highest level of NOx is released from the NH3 flame in the combustion chamber, while the lowest NOx is released from the CH4. However, the lowest NOx emission at the combustion chamber exit is obtained in NH3 combustion, while the highest NOx emission is obtained with H2 combustion. It results from the shortest flame length of NH3, short residence time, and backward NOx reduction to N2 for NH3. As for H2, high flame temperature and relatively long flame, and high residence time of the products trigger NOx formation and keep the NOx level high. On the other hand, excess air coefficient from 1.1 to 2 increases NOx for H2, CH4, and NH3 due to their large flame diameters, unlike propane. Then, NOx emission levels decrease sharply as the excess air coefficient increases to 4 for each fuel. NH3 fuel also emits minimum NOx in other excess air coefficients at the exit, while H2 emits too much emission. With NH3 enrichment, the NOx emissions of H2, CH4, and C3H8 fuels at the combustion chamber exit decrease gradually almost every excess air coefficient apart from λ = 1.1. As a general conclusion, like renewable fuels, H2 appears to be a source of pollution in terms of NOx emissions in combustion applications. In contrast, NH3 appears to be a relatively modest fuel with a low NOx level. In addition, the high amount of NOx emission released from H2 and other fuels during the combustion can be remarkably reduced by NH3 enrichment with an excess air combustion. 相似文献
2.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(81):34387-34396
This work develops a novel magnetic photocatalysts ZnO/SrFe12O19 (ZS) synthesized with hydrothermal process. The introduction of SrFe12O19 not only enhances the photocatalytic behavior of ZnO towards Rhodamine B (RhB) decomposition, but also reinforces the recycling stability. Especially, ZS-5 composite exhibits the optimal photocatalytic performance, and the RhB decomposition reaches 99.5% after being exposed to simulative sunlight for 70 min, which is obviously superior to that of bare ZnO. Furthermore, the ZS-5 can be recovered from RhB solution by an extra magnet space and reused. After five recycles, the RhB removal efficiency can still be maintained over 90%. Such prominent photocatalytic property and stability of ZS-5 are associated with the greatly improved detachment efficiency of photoexcited carriers in a magnetic field. This study could provide a new-type recyclable photocatalyst that can effectively purify dye wastewater for convenient recovery. 相似文献
3.
4.
Thomas R. Savage Fernando Almeida-Trasvina Ehecatl A. del-Rio Chanona Robin Smith Dondga Zhang 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2021,67(11):e17358
With liquefied natural gas becoming increasingly prevalent as a flexible source of energy, the design and optimization of industrial refrigeration cycles becomes even more important. In this article, we propose an integrated surrogate modeling and optimization framework to model and optimize the complex CryoMan Cascade refrigeration cycle. Dimensionality reduction techniques are used to reduce the large number of process decision variables which are subsequently supplied to an array of Gaussian processes, modeling both the process objective as well as feasibility constraints. Through iterative resampling of the rigorous model, this data-driven surrogate is continually refined and subsequently optimized. This approach was not only able to improve on the results of directly optimizing the process flow sheet but also located the set of optimal operating conditions in only 2 h as opposed to the original 3 weeks, facilitating its use in the operational optimization and enhanced process design of large-scale industrial chemical systems. 相似文献
5.
当前,我国水泥工业在可燃废弃物应用技术方面都还处于一家一户、自制自用、效率极低的初级阶段。发达国家的替代燃料:“垃圾衍生燃料”RDF、“固体回收燃料”SRF、“次煤”Subcoal和“纸塑垃圾衍生燃料”RPF制成的原材料都是可燃废弃物,只是处理工艺技术不同或者由垃圾中分拣出的可燃废弃物不同,制成颗粒状衍生燃料的品质不同,这些都可以替代部分甚或替代全部化石燃料在水泥窑炉中应用。我国大力发展“替代燃料”产业,有助于水泥工业消纳更多的“可燃废弃物”,为改善环境尤其是城镇环境和面貌,为我国的节能减排和绿色高质量发展发挥更大的作用。 相似文献
6.
Reliable prediction of flooding conditions is needed for sizing and operating packed extraction columns. Due to the complex interplay of physicochemical properties, operational parameters and the packing-specific properties, it is challenging to develop accurate semi-empirical or rigorous models with a high validity range. State of the art models may therefore fail to predict flooding accurately. To overcome this problem, a data-driven model based on Gaussian processes is developed to predict flooding for packed liquid-liquid and high-pressure extraction columns. The optimized Gaussian process for the liquid-liquid extraction column results in an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 15.23 %, whereas the algorithm for the high-pressure extraction column results in an AARE of 13.68 %. Both algorithms can predict flooding curves for different packing geometries and chemical systems precisely. 相似文献
7.
This paper focuses on the design of a 2.3–21 GHz Distributed Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) with low noise figure (NF), high gain (S21), and high linearity (IIP3) for broadband applications. This distributed amplifier (DA) includes S/C/X/Ku/K-band, which makes it very suitable for heterodyne receivers. The proposed DA uses a 0.18 μm GaAs pHEMT process (OMMIC ED02AH) in cascade architecture with lines adaptation and equalization of phase velocity techniques, to absorb their parasitic capacitances into the gate and drain transmission lines in order to achieve wide bandwidth and to enhance gain and linearity. The proposed broadband DA achieved an excellent gain in the flatness of 13.5 ± 0.2 dB, a low noise figure of 3.44 ± 1.12 dB, and a small group delay variation of ±19.721 ps over the range of 2.3–21 GHz. The input and output reflection coefficients S11 and S22 are less than −10 dB. The input compression point (P1dB) and input third-order intercept point (IIP3) are −1.5 dBm and 11.5 dBm, respectively at 13 GHz. The dissipated power is 282 mW and the core layout size is 2.2 × 0.8 mm2. 相似文献
8.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(52):22165-22179
Aluminum alloy bipolar plates have unique application potential in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) due to the characteristics of lightweight and low cost. However, extreme susceptibility to corrosion in PEMFC operation condition limits the application. To promote the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy bipolar plates, a Ni–P/TiNO coating was prepared by electroless plating and closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating (CFUMSIP) technology on the 6061 Al substrate. The research results show that Ni–P interlayer improves the deposition effect of TiNO outer layer and increase the content of TiN and TiOxNy phases. Compared to Ni–P and TiNO single-layer coatings, the Ni–P/TiNO coating samples exhibited the lowest current density value of (1.10 ± 0.02) × 10?6 A·cm?2 in simulated PEMFC cathode environment. Additionally, potential cyclic polarization measurements were carried out aiming to evaluate the durability of the aluminum alloy bipolar plate during the PEMFC start-up/shut-up process. The results illustrate that the Ni–P/TiNO coating samples exhibit excellent stability and corrosion resistance. 相似文献
9.
以重庆市甄子岩29号危岩体为研究对象,基于现场调查和分析解剖,建立UDEC离散元数值计算模型,对其演化变形过程进行模拟分析。研究表明,在巨大的自重作用下,由于基座岩体岩质软,岩体较破碎,且基座外侧为直立的陡崖,具有完整的临空面,从而使基座岩体易发生压缩流变及剪切流变,进而使危岩体存在滑移垮塌的危险。 相似文献
10.
Bianka Rocha Saraiva Lucas Henrique Maldonado da Silva Fernando Antônio Anjo Ana Carolina Pelaes Vital Jéssica Bassi Da Silva Marcos Luciano Bruschi Paula Toshimi Matumoto Pintro 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2020,55(5):1962-1970
Debittered trub (brewing waste) is an important source of protein source (70.26%). Trub and whey protein were used for 5% protein enrichment of ice cream frozen by liquid nitrogen. Three formulations were elaborated: ice cream standard (ICS), ice cream with whey protein (ICW) and ice cream with trub (ICT). Chemical composition, rheological properties, texture, overrun, melting rate, scanning electron microscopy and a sensorial test were performed. Results showed that ICT presented a higher viscosity, obtained on the upward curve up to 6.76 Pa s−1, consistency index (22.96 (Pa s−1)n), hysteresis area (140.40 mPa s−1) and hardness (31113.33 g) but a lower melting rate (0.38 g min−1), overrun (13.92%) and sensorial acceptability than the other formulations. The addition of trub debittered for protein enrichment improved ice cream properties and demonstrated that it could be used as a food ingredient. 相似文献