Why does language matter to artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence, conceived either as an attempt to provide models of human cognition or as the development of programs able to perform intelligent tasks, is primarily interested in theuses of language. It should be concerned, therefore, withpragmatics. But its concern with pragmatics should not be restricted to the narrow, traditional conception of pragmatics as the theory of communication (or of the social uses of language). In addition to that, AI should take into account also the mental uses of language (in reasoning, for example) and the existential dimensions of language as a determiner of the world we (and our computers) live in. In this paper, the relevance of these three branches of pragmatics-sociopragmatics, psychopragmatics, and ontopragmatics-for AI are explored.     

论狄更斯的幽默艺术

通过对狄更斯幽默的来源,作品中幽默的分析以及对读者造成的深远影响等几个方面,对他小说中最主要的艺术特色——幽默进行了较为详细的分析,使我们认识了他所创造的幽默世界,领略了他的幽默风格,对它所产生的深远影响有了一番直观的感受。     

《动物农庄》中的黑色幽默

乔治·奥威尔在他的小说《动物庄园》中,运用黑色幽默手法,将一个极权、泯灭人性的未来社会面貌通过拟人的寓言形式表现出来.其中,讽刺、角色选择时代性、语言的谬论手法,体现黑色幽默的艺术技巧.     

从语用预设解读英语幽默

从语用学预设理论出发,探讨语用学规律是怎样用于制造幽默效果的,并从语用预设的角度对言语幽默进行了分析和解读。分析时所基于的理论基础是语用预设具有共知性,合适性,可取消性和主观性等特点,可以用来恰如其分地分析幽默,为幽默的鉴赏和创作提供一个不同视角,同时可以提高对英语幽默的欣赏水平。     

英语幽默中的双关修辞及其汉译策略

幽默是英语语言文化的重要组成部分,而双关是英语语言实现含蓄表意、达到幽默效果的主要修辞手段。本文通过大量的实例分析、论述,将英语幽默中的双关修辞归纳为语音双关、语义双关和语法双关三大类,并进而提出了英语幽默中双关语的汉译策略。     

解读幽默化产品设计中的语义符号

幽默产品和幽默语言、动作、漫画等一样能使人在心理上达到一种愉悦状态,因此,幽默化产品的特征与汉语中的幽默语义在本质上是相同的。本文从幽默一词的语义入手,总结幽默语言的特征和技巧,然后把这些特征应用于幽默产品,借助语言学、文学和心理学等方面的知识,总结幽默产品之所以幽默的语义特征。     

基于概念整合理论论言语幽默生成的认知机制

本文运用认知语言学中Fauconnier和Turner等人提出的概念整合理论的主要概念和基本思想,结合几则中英文的实例,试图揭示隐藏在言语幽默生成过程背后的动态过程。分析表明,概念整合理论具有解释实时构建非传统意义上的新颖意义的特性,在阐述言语幽默的认知机制方面具有强大的解释力。     

Can people really “laugh at themselves?”—Experimental and correlational evidence.

Laughing at oneself is considered a core component of the sense of humor in the theories of several authors. In McGhee's (1996) eight-step-training program of the sense of humor, laughing at oneself constitutes one of the most difficult levels. However, until now, only little empirical evidence on laughing at oneself exists. Using a multimethod approach, in the current study, 70 psychology students and a total of 126 peers filled in the Sense of Humor Scale (SHS, McGhee, 1996), containing as a subscale “Laughing at oneself”. In addition, the participants answered the Trait and State forms of the State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory (STCI, Ruch, K?hler, & van Thriel, 1996; Ruch, K?hler, & van Thriel, 1997). They then were confronted with six distorted images of themselves. Facial responses of the participants were videotaped and analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002). Four indicators of exhilaration were examined: (a) experienced funniness, (b) AU12 smiles, (c) Duchenne displays, and (d) laughter. Furthermore, fake and masking smiles were studied. Results demonstrated that self- and peer reports of “laughing at oneself” converged moderately. All four indicators of exhilaration were shown, but funniness and laughter seemed to be the most strongly related indicators. Trait cheerfulness and (low) seriousness, and a cheerful mood state formed further characteristics of persons who laugh at themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

突降格及其语序意义的再现

突降法是英汉两种语言中都十分常见的修辞格。它的最大特点是不可前后颠倒的语序。因此，突降辞格的翻译不能套用一般的语序翻译原则。否则，辞格修辞效果就不可能再现出来。     

Vitreous humor in the pathologic scope: Insights from proteomic approaches

The vitreous humor (VH) is the largest component of the eye. It is a colorless, gelatinous, highly hydrated matrix that fills the posterior segment of the eye between the lens and retina in vertebrates. In VH, a diversity of proteins that can influence retinal physiology is present, including growth factors, hormones, proteins with transporter activity, and enzymes. More importantly, the protein composition of VH has been described as being altered in a number of disease states. Therefore, attempts aiming at establishing a map of VH proteins and detecting putative biomarkers for ocular illness or protein fluctuations with putative physiologic significance were conducted over the last two decades, using proteomic approaches. Proteomic strategies often involve gel-based or LC techniques as sample fractioning approaches, subsequently coupled with MS procedures. This set of studies resulted in the proteomic characterization of a range of ocular disease samples, with particular incidence on diabetic retinopathy. However, practical therapeutic applications arising from these studies are scarce at the moment. A pertinent example of therapeutic targets arising from VH proteomics has emerged concerning vasoproliferative factors present in the vitreous, which should be involved in neovascularization and subsequent fibrovascular proliferation of the retina, in ocular disease context. Therefore, this review attempts to sum up the information acquired from the proteomic approaches to ocular disease conducted in VH samples, highlighting its clinical potential for disclosing ocular disease mechanisms and engendering pharmacological therapeutic treatments.