HSWOA: An ensemble of hunger games search and whale optimization algorithm for global optimization

The search for food stimulated by hunger is a common phenomenon in the animal world. Mimicking the concept, recently, an optimization algorithm Hunger Games Search (HGS) has been proposed for global optimization. On the other side, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is a commonly utilized nature-inspired algorithm portrayed by a straightforward construction with easy parameters imitating the hunting behavior of humpback whales. However, due to minimum exploration of the search space, WOA has a high chance of trapping into local solutions, and more exploitation leads it towards premature convergence. The concept of hunger from HGS is merged with the food searching techniques of the whale to lessen the inherent drawbacks of WOA. Two weights of HGS are adaptively designed for every whale using the respective hunger level for balancing search strategies. Performance verification of the proposed hunger search-based whale optimization algorithm (HSWOA) is done by comparing it with 10 state-of-the-art algorithms, including three very recently developed algorithms on 30 classical benchmark functions. Comparison with some basic algorithms, recently modified algorithms, and WOA variants is performed using IEEE CEC 2019 function set. Statistical performance of the proposed algorithm is verified with Friedman's test, boxplot analysis, and Nemenyi multiple comparison test. The operating speed of the algorithm is determined and tested with complexity analysis and convergence analysis. Finally, seven real-world engineering problems are solved and compared with a list of metaheuristic algorithms. Numerical and statistical performance comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms confirms the efficacy of the newly designed algorithm.     

Exploring relationships between satiation,perceived satiety and plant-based snack food features

We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant-based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid-morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant-based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.     

Are intuitive eating and eating disorder symptomatology opposite poles of the same construct?

Two studies explored whether intuitive eating (i.e., eating based on physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than situational and emotional cues) is a distinct construct from low levels of eating disorder (ED) symptomatology among college women. Previous research has demonstrated that high levels of ED symptomatology are related to lower levels of well-being. Therefore, if intuitive eating is a distinct construct, then it should be associated with indices of well-being above and beyond the variance accounted for by ED symptomatology. Findings revealed that two intuitive eating components (i.e., eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues) made unique contributions to each well-being measure, whereas the remaining intuitive eating component (i.e., unconditional permission to eat) overlapped substantially with low levels of ED symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EBSN中基于用户特征的社交事件规划与饥饿问题处理

社交事件发布参与平台越来越受到人们的关注,其主要功能是为对某个社交事件感兴趣的用户规划适合的社交活动.现有社交事件平台贪婪规划方法通常假设每个用户可以参与限定个数的事件,解决参加限定个数事件引起的时空冲突,但方法中没有考虑用户的特征,导致用户规划顺序不合理,同时,现有方法也没有考虑如何解决因资源占用出现用户无法获取事件的情况,导致用户对社交平台满意度下降.为解决上述问题,本文通过用户空闲时间与用户平均速度双重约束条件,提出一种基于用户特征的社交事件规划与饥饿问题处理方法,该方法首先提取用户特征排序的同时,结合贪心算法和Skyline思想再次排序,确定用户最佳处理顺序,在此基础上,针对社交网络事件规划中可能出现的用户饥饿问题提出救济算法,消除兴趣值不敏感的饥饿用户,在总效用值下降最小的前提下,保证了用户对社交网站的最大满意度.实验表明,本文提出的规划算法能够有效地进行社交事件规划并解决用户饥饿问题.     

Feast your eyes: Hunger and trait reward drive predict attentional bias for food cues.

Appraisal theories of emotion predict that the relevance of a stimulus to a person's needs and goals influences attentional allocation. We used a modified visual probe task to examine the influence of hunger and trait reward drive on food-related attentional bias. Both hunger and trait reward drive predicted degree of attentional “disengagement” from food images at short (100 ms), but not long (500, 2,000 ms) stimulus durations. Effects of hunger were found for both bland and appetizing foods, while effects of reward drive were restricted to appetizing foods. Our findings extend previous research showing delayed “disengagement” from threat-related stimuli, suggesting that both organismic- and goal-relevance are key biasing factors in attentional competition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-Term Infusions of Ghrelin and Obestatin in Early Lactation Dairy Cows

Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a potential orexigenic agent in monogastrics and ruminants. Obestatin has been reported to have the opposite (anorexigenic) effect. Fifty one multiparous cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups (n = 17): a control group and 2 groups with cows continuously infused with 0.74 μmol/d of ghrelin (GHR group) or obestatin (OBE group) subcutaneously. Infusions began 21 d in milk, and treatments continued for 8 wk. Generalized linear models were used to determine the treatment effect on average daily and cumulative milk production and composition, and plasma ghrelin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, leptin, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose. Mixed models, with cow included as a repeated effect, were used to determine if treatment effects differed by week postcalving for milk production, body weight, and body condition score (BCS; scale 1 to 10). Parity, breed, week of the year at calving, treatment, week postcalving, and the 2 wk preexperimental average of each measure (covariate) were included as fixed effects. Treatment did not affect dry matter intake. Cows infused with GHR lost more BCS (−0.71 units) over the 8-wk study period than the control (−0.23 BCS units) cows, and on average were thinner than cows in either of the other 2 treatments (0.2 BCS units). Consistent with the extra BCS loss in GHR cows, plasma IGF-1, glucose, and leptin concentrations were reduced and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were greater in GHR cows. Despite a numerical tendency for GHR cows to produce more milk (1,779 kg) than control (1,681 kg) or OBE (1,714 kg) cows during the 8-wk period, milk production differences were not statistically different. However, the timing of the numerical separation of the lactation curves coincided with the significant changes in BCS, IGF-1, and leptin. Results indicate a positive effect of ghrelin infusion on lipolysis. Further research is required to determine if the numerical increase in milk production, which coincides with the increased negative energy balance, is real.     

Brain activation in restrained and unrestrained eaters: An fMRI study.

Restraint theory has been used to model the process that produces binge eating. However, there is no satisfactory explanation for the tendency of restrained eaters (REs) to engage in counterregulatory eating, an ostensible analogue of binge eating. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the authors investigated brain activation of normal weight REs (N = 9) and unrestrained eaters (UREs; N = 10) when fasted and fed and viewing pictures of highly and moderately palatable foods and neutral objects. When fasted and viewing highly palatable foods, UREs showed widespread bilateral activation in areas associated with hunger and motivation, whereas REs showed activation only in the cerebellum, an area previously implicated in low-level processing of appetitive stimuli. When fed and viewing high palatability foods, UREs showed activation in areas related to satiation and memory, whereas REs showed activation in areas implicated in desire, expectation of reward, and goal-defined behavior. These findings parallel those from behavioral research. The authors propose that the counterintuitive findings from preload studies and the present study are due to the fact that REs are less hungry than UREs when fasted and find palatable food more appealing than UREs when fed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of flavanols on the enteroendocrine system: Repercussions on food intake

Flavanols are plant-derived bioactive compounds for which several beneficial effects have been described. When ingested, they reach the gastrointestinal tract, where they can interact with the enteroendocrine cells. In this paper, we consider the possibility that flavanols modulate enterohormone secretion. Because the regulation of food intake is among the principal functions of the hormones that are secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, we also compile the literature that covers how the effects of flavanols on food intake are measured. Although there are some papers showing the effects of flavanols on the regulation of enterohormones, there are very few papers that have addressed the specific effects at the food intake level. Instead, most of the findings are secondary to the study of the action of flavanols on body weight, which makes it difficult to reach a clear conclusion regarding the effects of flavanols on food intake.     

Appetite,hunger, and satiety in the elderly

Food intake declines with age and the elderly frequently report a decrease in appetite. Social and physical factors as well as decreased energy expenditure may be part of the explanation for the decreased food intake; however, it is possible that changes in hunger mechanisms are also involved, but more studies similar to those conducted on thirst are needed. The consumption of a varied diet depends in part on sensory‐specific satiety, that is, the decrease in the pleasantness of a food as it is consumed. We have shown that sensory‐specific satiety changes with age such that it was absent in individuals over the age of 65 and this could be part of the explanation of why the elderly consume more monotonous diets. Additional basic studies on how aging affects the controls of food intake will suggest ways to improve the nutritional status of the elderly.     

Hunger alters the expression of acquired hedonic but not sensory qualities of food-paired odors in humans.

To test whether expression of hedonic and sensory odor qualities acquired by association with sweet and bitter tastes depend on hunger state, hungry volunteers experienced odors paired with sucrose, quinine, or water and then were tested under different hunger states manipulated with energy preloads. Acquired liking for sucrose-paired odors was evident following a low-energy or control preload but not a high-energy preload; however, odor sweetness increased in all preload conditions. Acquired dislike and increased bitterness of quinine-paired odors were independent of preloading. These data demonstrate hunger-dependent expression of acquired liking for flavors through flavor-flavor associations in humans and demonstrate independence between acquired hedonic and sensory qualities of odors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)