Coping With Stereotype Threat: Denial as an Impression Management Strategy.

Four experiments tested the hypothesis that people who are concerned with impression management cope with stereotype threat through denial. Consistent with this hypothesis, temporary employees threatened by a stereotype of incompetence (Study 1) and hostel-dwelling older adults (Study 2) were more likely to deny incompetence if they were high in impression management. African Americans (Study 3) showed a similar pattern of denying cognitive incompetence, which emerged primarily when they were interviewed by a White experimenter and had attended a predominantly Black high school. In Study 4, White students who expected to take an IQ test and were threatened by a stereotype of being less intelligent than Asians were more likely to deny that intelligence is important if they were high in impression management. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Illusion d’incompétence, attitudes dysfonctionnelles et distorsions cognitives chez des élèves du primaire.

The first objective of this study is to determine whether the illusion of incompetence schema is related to the presence of other dysfunctional schemas, such as dysfunctional attitudes related to success, to dependence on others and to self-control. The second objective is to examine whether these schemas are related to the occurrence of cognitive errors. Some 577 students of primary school grades five and six took part in the study. It appears the illusion of incompetence is linked more to dysfunctional attitudes related to success and less to those related to self-control. The canonical correlations for examining the second objective point to two dynamics: the illusion of incompetence combined with higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes related to success is linked to the occurrence of three types of cognitive errors examined; the illusion of incompetence coupled with lower levels of dysfunctional attitudes related to success and to dependence is related more to negative treatment of positive information and less to the anticipation of catastrophe. The discussion makes a link to the results obtained with the Beck model, which holds that the presence of dysfunctional schemas contributes to the occurrence of cognitive errors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

蒸发岩发育特征及其对大油气田形成的影响

蒸发岩广泛发育于全球各含油气盆地之中,其发育分布特征与世界大油气田的形成和分布有着密切的关系。通过对全球气候条件、海平面相对变化以及各类型盆地进行研究,分析了蒸发岩的发育特征,盆地内部的限制性洼地、相对停滞的水体以及干旱炎热的气候等共同制约着蒸发岩的形成与分布。通过对蒸发岩封盖能力、热导率以及非能干性的研究,结合东西伯利亚、坎波斯以及扎格罗斯等盆地中大油气田实例,分析了蒸发岩层对大油气田形成的影响。蒸发岩的致密性作为盖层有效地封盖了下伏油气,其热导率又有利于保持温度均衡,使得有机质能够更为彻底地转化;蒸发岩的非能干性使其易于发生滑脱变形,导致上覆储集层裂缝系统发育,极大地改善了其储集性能;蒸发岩强烈变形还可以形成盐构造,为油气聚集形成新的圈闭;蒸发岩的发育在时间上和空间上都制约着全球大油气田的形成与分布。随着油气勘探的不断深入,将会发现越来越多的与蒸发岩有关的大油气田。     

The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt.

Although scholarly traditions assume that shame results more from the public exposure of a transgression or incompetence than guilt does, this distinction has little empirical support. Four studies, using either undergraduate participants' responses to hypothetical scenarios, their remembered experiences, or the coding of literary passages, reexamined this issue. Supporting traditional claims, public exposure of both moral (transgressions) and nonmoral (incompetence) experiences was associated more with shame than with guilt. Shame was also more strongly linked with nonmoral experiences of inferiority, suggesting 2 core features of shame: its links with public exposure and with negative self-evaluation. The distinctive features of guilt included remorse, self-blame, and the private feelings associated with a troubled conscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Supervisors' Experiences of Trainee Impairment and Incompetence at APA-Accredited Internship Sites.

This collective case study examined the process by which experienced supervisors identified and intervened with impaired trainees. Twelve participants who worked at 3 university counseling center internships were identified for inclusion on the basis of the centers' reputations for being active in discussing and addressing intern competence problems. Participants completed a background questionnaire and were interviewed. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method (Y. S. Lincoln & E. G. Cuba, 1985). Participants identified key issues that affected their ability to intervene appropriately, including lack of preparation for the evaluative components of supervision, the degree of agency and collegial support for supervisors, and the emotional difficulty of intervening. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Illusion of Control Among Depressed Patients.

A replication of an earlier study of the illusion of control in mildly depressed students with a clinically depressed sample found an illusion of control in a nondepressed patient group but not among depressed patients. The present results were similar to those obtained with mildly depressed students. The absence of the illusion of control was viewed as reflecting a general sense of personal incompetence among depressed persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)