Examination of chemical irritation and textural influence on food preferences in two age cohorts using complex food systems

The changes to the chemical senses of taste and smell that accompany ageing are widely documented, and there has been some evidence that these changes may influence food preferences of the older consumer. However, little is known about the loss of function of the residual senses of texture and chemical irritant perception and how such losses influence food preferences. A consumer panel comprising a young (20–35 years) and an older (>65 years) age cohort was recruited and sensory tests were conducted to determine perceived intensity, preferences and the possibility of cross modal interaction between the sensory modalities of chemical irritation and texture. Liquid, semi-solid and solid food systems were studied to enable comparisons to be drawn. Older consumers were less capable of discriminating between chemical irritation and texture stimuli, indicating loss of sensory function, but there was indication that higher levels of chemical irritation were preferred among older consumers in some texture types.     

Formulation and development of ophthalmic in situ gel for the treatment ocular inflammation and infection using application of quality by design concept

Context: The conventional liquid ophthalmic delivery systems exhibit short pre-corneal residence time and the relative impermeability to the cornea which leads to poor ocular bioavailability.

Objective: The aim of this study was to apply quality by design (QbD) for development of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) and tobramycin sulfate (TS)-loaded thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing Poloxamer 407 and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M for prolonging the pre-corneal residence time, ocular bioavability and decreases the frequency of administration of dosage form. The material attributes and the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the in situ gel were identified. Central composite design (CCD) was adopted to optimize the formulation.

Materials and methods: The ophthalmic in situ forming gels were prepared by cold method. Materials attributes were the amount of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC and CQA identified were Gel strength, mucoadhesive index, gelation temperature and % of drug release of both drug.

Results and discussion: Optimized batch (F*) containing 16.75% poloxamer 407 and 0.54% HPMC K4M were exhibited all results in acceptable limits. Compared with the marketed formulation, optimized in situ gel showed delayed T_max, improved C_max and AUC in rabbit aqueous humor, suggesting the sustained drug release and better corneal penetration and absorption.

Conclusion: According to the study, it could be concluded that DSP and TS would be successfully formulated as in situ gelling mucoadhesive system for the treatment of steroid responsive eye infections with the properties of sustained drug release, prolonged ocular retention and improved corneal penetration.     

十二烷基硫酸钠对角质细胞基因表达的影响及作用通路研究

利用人全基因表达谱芯片对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)刺激后的角质细胞总RNA进行检测,研究SDS刺激对角质细胞基因表达的影响及作用通路,并对可能引发的疾病进行预测。SDS刺激引起角质细胞中605个基因表达显著上调,368个基因显著下调。主要通过TNF信号通路进行信号传导,经分析筛选出10个关键差异表达基因,包括IL-6,TNF,CCL5,CCL20,CXCL8,CXCL3,CSF2,CSF1,TNFAIP3和NLRC4,以上基因表达异常会促进炎症的发展并激活免疫系统。SDS刺激可能引发特应性皮炎并对过敏与自身免疫疾病有促进作用。     

利用皮肤模型研究不同分子量透明质酸的抗刺激作用

将十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)和不同分子量的透明质酸(HA)共同作用于人永生化表皮细胞(HaCaT)和3D皮肤模型,作用24 h后通过MTT比色法检测细胞活性,利用ELISA方法检测培养液中人白细胞介素(IL-1α)的水平,并进行组织学观察细胞形态。研究在不同实验模型中,不同分子量HA影响SLS对细胞的损伤和释放IL-1α的差异。结果表明,皮肤模型可用于HA的体外抗皮肤刺激作用的研究,实验结果更接近人体实际使用情况以及能提供更多的机制信息。     

Lower Irritation Potential of Laureth‐3 Carboxylate Amino Acid Salt

Sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants have been categorized as low‐skin irritation chemicals based on results of previous skin irritation tests. However, detergent‐induced skin irritation still occurs. Detergents with a low‐skin irritation effect are required, since the number of cosmetics for sensitive skin has increased. Therefore, an in vitro method of testing the safety of cosmetics for sensitive skin is required. Skin irritation by anionic surfactants was investigated to determine the effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate (polyoxyethylene lauryl carboxymethyl ether) amino acid salt on skin irritation. In addition, sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants, regarded as low‐irritation surfactants, were also tested for skin irritation. The skin irritation effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate lysine salt (Surfactant 1 ), sodium laureth sulfate (Surfactant 2 ), and sodium N‐lauroyl glutamate (Surfactant 3 ) were investigated using a reconstructed human cultured epidermal model, LabCyte EPI‐MODEL24 6D. Cell viabilities of cultured epidermal cells exposed to Surfactant 1 (5.0 % aq.), Surfactant 2 , and Surfactant 3 were 82.0, 45.0 and 19.1 %, respectively. There were significant differences in cell viability upon exposure to 5.0 % aqueous test solutions of the three test chemicals. The results of the current investigation indicate that Surfactant 1 has a low skin‐irritation effect.     

结合组织学评分的牛角膜浑浊和渗透性方法研究

为了优化替代眼刺激动物试验的牛角膜浑浊和渗透性(BCOP)实验的方法,提高其适用范围和预测性,选取新鲜牛眼角膜,直接暴露液体化学受试物作用10 min,后孵育2 h并用荧光素钠处理90 min,采用浊度仪检测角膜浑浊度,用酶标仪检测荧光素钠渗透性,同时将角膜常规固定和制备组织学切片,观察组织学病理变化并评分,基于上述3个指标建立预测模型。结果显示,将角膜浑浊度和渗透性2个定量指标,与角膜上皮组织、基质组织和内皮细胞的组织学变化评分进行组合,可对轻微刺激到中等刺激的范围进行准确细分。研究表明,结合组织学观察的优化BCOP方法可提高其预测性,适用于眼刺激机制研究和化妆品评估。     

一种复方中草药提取液的护肤功效研究

采用体外实验和人体实验相结合方法,对5种中草药为原料制成的复方提取液进行美白、抗衰老、抗敏舒缓功效研究,并对其刺激性进行评价。结果表明,复方提取液的刺激性分级为无刺激性,具有较强的抑制酪氨酸酶活性、清除DPPH/羟基/超氧阴离子自由基及抑制透明质酸酶活性的能力;使用含复方提取液的乳液4周后,能显著减少皮肤黑色素含量和降低皮肤紫外斑、黄褐斑、皱纹、纹理分值;此外,含复方提取液的乳液能够降低乳酸刺痛程度。上述结果说明该复方中草药提取液使用安全性高,具有较好的美白、抗衰老、抗敏舒缓功效。     

Skin colour assessment in safety testing of cosmetics. An overview

Synopsis
Few subjects are as problematical to dermatologists, cosmetologists and related experimenters involved in safety testing as the clinical assessment of skin colour. At the core of the problem is the word erythema, which does not communicate a sense for the nuance of red. In addition, light shades of red are not visible in dark-skinned people. Human assays aiming at evaluating the irritancy and allergic potential of cosmetics take advantage to use instrumental assessments of skin colour. However, there are pitfalls related to the complex biological aspects of the cutaneous reactivity, to the design of the in vivo assay, and to technical aspects bound to the principle of the measuring methods. Sound information can only be reached when these concerns are solved.
Résumé
Peu de sujets sont aussi problématiques pour les dermatologues, cosmétologues et autres expérimentateurs impliqués dans les tests de sûreté que l'évaluation clinique des couleurs cutanées. Au centre du problème est le mot érythème qui ne communique pas la notion des nuances de rouge. De plus, un érythème discret peut ne pas être visible chez des individus à la peau foncée. Les tests humains visant àévaluer les potentialités d'irritation et d'allergie aux cosmétiques bénéficient des évaluations instrumentales de la couleur cutanée. Cependant, il existe des pièges liés aux aspects biologiques complexes de la réactivité cutanée, au choix du test in vivo et à des aspects techniques en relation avec le principe du système de mesure. Une information adéquate ne peut être obtenue qu'après avoir résolu ces problèmes.     

Evaulation of irritation potential of surfactant mixtures

Irritation potential of sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) alone, and in combination with lauryl glucoside (LG), polysorbate 20 (PS) and cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) was tested in 13 human subjects. Four main and six sub-formulations were prepared and evaluated. Formulations were applied to the forearm as a 24 h close patch study. Irritation was scored by two different methods using an in vivo clinical protocol based on visual scoring and on the stratum corneum capacitance measurement. Irritation was found to be dose dependent. At 2 mg/patch level ten subjects did not show any skin reaction. At 20 mg/patch level eleven subjects showed a broad range of skin irritation. The highest irritation was observed with the formula that contained SLES, LG, and cocamide DEA together. Among the sub-formulations, cocamide DEA showed the highest irritation grade. A statistically significant correlation was observed between visual, clinical and corneometer scores. It was concluded that the irritation potential of surfactants was related to the total surfactant concentration, application mode, and the thermodynamic activity of molecules in the solution as well as the chemical structure of the surfactant molecules.