跨通路实验模式的视觉失匹配负波研究

采用视听觉的跨通路刺激实验模式,通过对ERP实验数据的分析发现:在非注意条件下,顶叶和颞叶的负电位波形不规则,且一致性差;而额叶及枕叶(接近视觉初级投射区)均出现了较明显的视觉早期偏差相关负成分,其潜伏期范围在140~170 ms之间,存在通道特异性,与听觉MMN类似。据此得出:视觉早期偏差相关负成分应该是由视觉通路痕迹产生的视觉MMN;视觉早期偏差相关负成分的源有两个,一个位于额叶,另一个位于初级视皮层所在的枕叶处。     

Changes in the perceived duration of a narrowband sound induced by a preceding stimulus.

The authors show that a narrowband noise (NBN) is perceived as longer when presented immediately after a wideband noise (WBN), compared to when the WBN is absent. This effect depended on the WBN’s frequency spectrum overlapping that of the NBN, and it increased as the duration of the WBN increased up to 300 ms. It decreased when a silent gap was introduced between the WBN and NBN, but remained significant for an easily detectable gap of 40 ms. A correlate of the effect was observed in the mismatch negativity (MMN) to a deviant stimulus, consisting of a WBN + NBN, presented in a sequence of more common isolated WBNs. The MMN latency was longer for an on-frequency than for an off-frequency WBN; and, more importantly, the size of this difference correlated across participants with the difference in perceived duration. A rhythm-adjustment experiment showed that the presence of an on-frequency WBN immediately preceding a tone caused that tone to be heard as starting earlier than when the WBN was absent. The results are discussed in relation to the continuity illusion and models of duration encoding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trajectories of perceived support in mother–adolescent relationships: The poor (quality) get poorer.

The authors examined decreases across the early adolescent years in child reports of perceived support from mothers to determine whether the rate of decline differed as a function of the initial amount of perceived negativity in the mother–child relationship. Participants included a diverse sample of 197 girls and 116 boys who were in the 1st year of middle school (6th grade, ages 11 to 13 years) at the beginning of the study. Separate growth curve models revealed associations between the rate of change in child-reported perceived support and the initial level of both child-reported perceived negativity and mother-reported perceived negativity. Over-time declines in child-reported perceived support were larger for adolescents whose initial levels of perceived negativity were greater. The findings are consistent with the claim that mothers and children with the worst relationships at the outset of adolescence experience the greatest deterioration in relations across the early adolescent years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Team negotiation and perceptions of trustworthiness: The whole versus the sum of the parts.

In a team negotiation context, the authors empirically explored how judgments of team-level trust are derived from individual-level trust. Basing their argument on both the negativity bias and the discontinuity effect, the authors posit that people will focus most on the least trustworthy individual member of a team when making judgments about collective team-level trust. Findings from two studies demonstrate that perceptions of team trust are indeed lower than the average ratings of individual trust and are statistically equivalent to the least trusted member. In addition, compared with average individual trust levels, perceptions of collective team trust were found to be more predictive of (a) impasse rates in distributive negotiations and (b) the level of joint gain in integrative negotiations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

配体中配位原子部分电荷和电负性的研究

应用电负性相等原理,提出了计算配体中各原子部分电荷和电负性的简便近似的方法,计算了54种配体。根据计算结果,应用电中性原理讨论了配位原子的条件,CO,P(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅲ)化合物的配位原子的情况,以及SCN~-等的键合异构现象。     

Family functioning processes and diabetic ketoacidosis in youths with type I diabetes.

Purpose/Objective: To examine relations between episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and parental warmth, parental negativity, and lack of responsibility for diabetes-related tasks in a sample of youths with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Research Method/Design: 100 youths with T1D and their caregivers, recruited from an inpatient diabetes unit and an outpatient diabetes clinic, participated. Participants completed disease-specific measures of family functioning (e.g., parental warmth, parent and child perceptions of negativity, family responsibility for diabetes regimen), and medical information (e.g., glycosylated hemoglobin and incidences of DKA) was obtained from medical records. Results: Results showed that higher child perceptions of parental warmth and caring related to the regimen were associated with decreased odds of experiencing a DKA episode. Child reports of higher parental negativity about the regimen were associated with increased odds of experiencing a DKA episode. Reports of who in the family was responsible for the diabetes regimen were not related to episodes of DKA. Conclusions/Implications: Findings suggested that family factors play a significant role in the occurrence or absence of DKA in children's long-term management of diabetes. Future intervention efforts should focus on warmth, caring, and negativity when children and their parents are problem solving and communicating about the diabetes regimen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Developmental differences in error-related ERPs in middle- to late-adolescent males.

Although there are some studies documenting structural brain changes during late adolescence, there are few showing functional brain changes over this period in humans. Of special interest would be functional changes in the medial frontal cortex that reflect response monitoring. In order to examine such age-related differences, the authors analyzed event-related potentials following errors in a visual flanker task and a go/no-go task in adolescent males, 15-16 and 18-20 years old. Response times and accuracy were comparable between groups on each task, but the younger group made more go/no-go errors, suggesting this task was more difficult. Error-related negativity, thought to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), had greater amplitude for the older adolescents on both tasks; thus the increased errors are not simply due to performance level differences. Results from this study suggest that the ACC, which supports response monitoring, is late to mature due to age-related structural or neurochemical changes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relation between quantum probe and entanglement in n-qubit systems within Markovian and non-Markovian environments

We address in detail the process of parameter estimation for an n-qubit system dissipating into a cavity in which the qubits are coupled to the single-mode cavity field via coupling constant g which should be estimated. In addition, the cavity field interacts with an external field considered as a set of continuum harmonic oscillators. We analyse the behaviour of the quantum Fisher information (QFI) for both weak and strong coupling regimes. In particular, we show that in strong coupling regime, the memory effects are dominant, leading to an oscillatory variation in the dynamics of the QFI and consequently information flowing from the environment to the quantum system. We show that when the number of the qubits or the coupling strength rises, the oscillations, signs of non-Markovian evolution of the QFI, increase. This indicates that in the strong-coupling regime, increasing the size of the system or the coupling strength remarkably enhances the reversed flow of information. Moreover, we find that it is possible to retard the QFI loss during the time evolution and therefore enhance the estimation of the parameter using a cavity with a larger decay rate factor. Furthermore, analysing the dynamics of the QFI and negativity of the probe state, we reveal a close relationship between the entanglement of probes and their capability for estimating the parameter. It is shown that in order to perform a better estimation of the parameter, we should avoid measuring when the entanglement between the probes is maximized.     

Error detection and posterror behavior in depressed undergraduates.

This study examined the influence of depression on error-monitoring and behavioral compensation after errors, two important aspects of cognitive control. Undergraduates differing in self-reported depression levels completed a modified Stroop task while error-related scalp potentials were recorded. Behaviorally, participants with higher depression scores were disproportionately slower and less accurate after errors in a task condition that included negative emotional words. Physiological results indicated that the amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), two indices of error detection, were not correlated with depression score. ERN amplitudes predicted behavioral slowdown after errors, but only among more depressed participants in the negative-word condition. Together, the results imply that depression is associated not with an error detection deficit, but rather with alterations in subsequent performance changes, once errors have been identified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of paternal and maternal depressive symptoms on child internalizing symptoms and asthma disease activity: Mediation by interparental negativity and parenting.

This study tested a hypothesized model of the relationships among parental depressive symptoms, family process (interparental negativity and negative parenting behavior), child internalizing symptoms, and asthma disease activity. A total of 106 children with asthma, aged 7 to 17, participated with their fathers and mothers. Parental depressive symptoms were assessed by self-report. Interparental and parenting behaviors were observed and rated during family discussion tasks. Child internalizing symptoms were assessed by self-report and by clinician interview and rating. Asthma disease activity was assessed according to National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute guidelines. Results of structural equation modeling generally supported interparental negativity and negative parenting behavior as mediators linking parental depressive symptoms and child emotional and physical dysfunction. However, paternal and maternal depressive symptoms play their role through different pathways of negative family process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)