A factor analytic study of Eysenck's and Schutz's personality dimensions among psychiatric groups.

As a test of the applicability of Schutz's Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) theory to psychiatric groups a battery of personality inventories, including the Maudsley Personality Inventory and Schutz's Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B), was administered to 3 schizophrenic (N = 20), 3 neurotic (N = 10 - 12), and 1 normal group (N = 20) of male VA patients. All Ss were rated for 1 week on a check list of behaviors paralleling the FIRO-B scales. Factor analysis of the correlations among 25 variables resulted in 6 orthogonal factors. The FIRO behavior check list variables loaded on the same factors as the FIRO-B scales, Schutz's "inclusion" dimension combined with Eysenck's "extraversion" factor, but "control" and "affection" appeared as separate factors. Additional factors of "emotionality," "social status," and "deteriorated paranoia" appeared in the factor loading matrix. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Rorschach and TAT indices of homosexuality in overt homosexuals, neurotics, and normal males": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Anthony Davids, Mark Joelson, and Charles McArthur (Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 1956[Sept], 53, 161-172). In the section on TAT results, under the heading of Signs suggested for further confirmation (p. 168), it states incorrectly (line 15) that the sign of a strong unresolved attachment to a father or father figure was scored in stories composed for Card 8. The sign was in fact scored in stories composed for TAT Card 7. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1958-02891-001). Rorschach and TAT protocols of 20 male overt homosexuals, 20 male neurotics, and 20 normal male students were compared in order to determine whether proposed homosexual signs were discriminative. The homosexual group gave a significantly greater mean number of the Rorschach and TAT signs than did either nonhomosexual group. "Within the homosexual group, correlation between the number of Rorschach signs and number of TAT signs produced by each S proved significant, serving as a check on the validity of both schemes and indicating the consistency of these 2 diverse measures of homosexuality." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Word meaning and sexual identification in paranoid schizophrenics and anxiety neurotics.

From psychoanalytic theory it is reasoned that the paranoid schizophrenic is one who has not made an adequate identification with the parent of like sex; other theoretical formulations presuppose a lack of identification with either parent. To test which of these hypotheses is valid, Osgood's Semantic Differential was used as a measure of identification (as established by Lazowick, 1955). It was given to a sample of hospitalized paranoid schizophrenics, an outpatient VA mental hygiene clinic sample of anxiety neurotics, and 2 control groups, hopsitalized TB patients and working people. The results indicated that the paranoid schizophrenic showed lack of identification with either parent. To some extent, this was true of the identification pattern of the neurotic group, but the latter also showed confusion of identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hostility and aversion for expressing hostility in neurotics and controls.

"Freud proposed that the superego in neurotics is overly severe in its suppressive effect on socially disapproved impulses. Mowrer contended that… the superego is not severe enough. To investigate these proposals, neurotics and control Ss were required to construct and report one sentence each from a series of scrambled words… . the findings suggest that… aversion for expressing disapproved hostility is… approximately equally strong in… neurotic and control groups… . hostile tendencies are stronger in neurotics than in controls and… stronger hostility in neurotics is specifically associated with human content." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ego impairment in schizophrenia as reflected in the Object Sorting Test.

Matched groups of schizophrenics and neurotics (a group which also included personality disorders), were compared on their performance on the Object Sorting Test. The schizophrenics could be significantly differentiated from the neurotics (and personality disorders) by virtue of their conceptualizations involving open-private ideas (à la McGaughran and Moran, 1956), inappropriate sorting, peculiar verbalizations, and perseverative thinking. The results are related to ego impairment in schizophrenia, and add to the capacity of this test of conceptual thinking to distinguish the thinking activity of schizophrenics from that of most other psychiatric patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dogmatism and acquiescent response set.

"This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale [1960], structurally identical to the F scale, is similarily vulnerable to acquiescent response bias." Administration of acquiescent response scales, the F Scale, and the Dogmatism scale to a population of adult neurotics revealed a high intercorrelation, which supports the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship between motoric and ideational activity preference and time perspective in neurotics and schizophrenics.

The dichotomous classification of motoric and ideational activity preference types was studied in relation to future and past time perspective in schizophrenic and neurotic groups. Special measures were constructed to classify Ss, to test the stability of the classification, and to measure future and past time perspective. The motoric-ideational activity preference classification was found to be reliable; ideational Ss had a greater extent of future time perspective than did motoric Ss; past time perspective was dependent upon the interaction of types and emotional disturbance grouping; motoric schizophrenics seemed to be more stimulus bound to the relative present; and ideational neurotics had a higher general-interest level than both the total motoric group and the total schizophrenic group. These results support the usefulness of the motoric-ideational classification as an organizing dimension of personality which shows both stability and construct validity. The results also revealed the potential value of studying the interaction of the motoric-ideational activity preference with types of emotional disturbance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HOSTILITY IN NEUROTICS AND NORMALS.

"A test was made of the experimental hypothesis that under conditions favoring the expression of repressed impulses, neurotics will show more hostility than normals… The neurotic group showed significantly more hostile [scrambled sentence] completions than the nonneurotic group. This outcome is predicted by the psychoanalytic theory of neurosis." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Performance of different diagnostic groups on the tachistoscopic and copy phases of the Bender-Gestalt.

Neurotics, alcoholics, organics, and controls (25 Ss in each group) were administered the Bender designs by tachistoscopic exposure (tach phase) and by the standard copying technique (copy phase). Records were scored by blind analysis with the Pascal and Suttell criteria. The copy phase discriminated the diagnostic groups from the controls at the .01 level, but did not discriminate the diagnostic groups from each other. On the tach phase, control Ss were discriminated from alcoholics and organics but not from neurotics; however, the scores of the neurotic group differed from the organic group at the .02 level. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rigidity and reactive inhibition.

To test the hypothesis that neurotics will show less decrement in the strength of a voluntary response, as a function of its repeated elicitation, than normals, the latency and duration of finger pressure on a button in response to mildly painful thermal stimulation on the forehead, as well as the muscle potential from the responding arm, were measured. In all three measures, controls showed progressive weakening of reaction, while patients did not. The findings are presented to support the view that rigidity is at least in part a function of weak reactive inhibition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)