Objectivity in the Eye of the Beholder: Divergent Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others.

Important asymmetries between self-perception and social perception arise from the simple fact that other people's actions, judgments, and priorities sometimes differ from one's own. This leads people not only to make more dispositional inferences about others than about themselves (E. E. Jones & R. E. Nisbett, 1972) but also to see others as more susceptible to a host of cognitive and motivational biases. Although this blind spot regarding one's own biases may serve familiar self-enhancement motives, it is also a product of the phenomenological stance of naive realism. It is exacerbated, furthermore, by people's tendency to attach greater credence to their own introspections about potential influences on judgment and behavior than they attach to similar introspections by others. The authors review evidence, new and old, of this asymmetry and its underlying causes and discuss its relation to other psychological phenomena and to interpersonal and intergroup conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

两大法系的合同解释方法

合同解释是为了消除歧义和误解,判定合同内容真实含义的过程,是合同法中的重要制度.文章介绍并阐述了大陆法系和英美法系关于合同解释的不同理论与实践规则.     

康德空间观的两层含义

康德在《纯粹理性批判》中对时间和空间关系有两种不同的、表面上自相矛盾的规定,这两种规定实际上是康德对空间作用在两种不同含义上的阐明,即在认识的发生条件和起源上,时间优先于空间,内部直观包容了外部直观;而在认识的客观性把握上,时间又要以空间表象为前提,没有外部直观,内部直观本身是无法客观表象出来的。康德继承了西方传统的时间空间化的视角,但也开辟了空间时间化的新基点,这一基点在海德格尔那里得到了充分的发挥,空间的客观论证作用被彻底统摄到时间中来,这就是此在存在论的出发点。     

Licensing Board Complaints: Minimizing the Impact on the Psychologist's Defense and Clinical Practice.

Most psychologists who face board complaints experience significant personal and professional distress. As a result, they become vulnerable to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses that may compromise their clinical work as well as their ability to defend themselves. Awareness of some of the most common sources of distress associated with complaints can allow psychologists to take steps to minimize, if not obviate, problematic countertransference, impaired objectivity, and self-defeating responses throughout and beyond the complaint investigation and adjudication process. Further, awareness of these pitfalls can inform the work of the supervisors, consultants, and psychotherapists who assist psychologists facing ethics complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teacher attitudes and temperament as a measure of teacher-pupil rapport.

To attempt to determine the personality and temperament factors measured by the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory, scores on the MTAI were correlated with scores on the scales of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, for a sample of 300 public school teachers. Teachers who have high rapport with pupils are characterized by personal cooperativeness, friendliness, objectivity, and emotional stability." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

证据理论的主客观整合推理方法

现有证据理论研究侧重于从客观证据中提取证据源可靠性(RES)信息,而未考虑知识、经验、直觉等主观认知信息对RES推断及证据融合的积极作用。为此,基于证据距离和两两比较判断矩阵,提出反映证据源相对可靠性的主客观RES矩阵,以调节总误差最小为目标函数,构建用于提取证据源综合可靠性信息的RES整合模型,并结合Dempster组合规则给出证据推理步骤。数值实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

Materialism and the “problem” of quantum measurement

For nearly six decades, the conscious observer has played a central and essential rôle in quantum measurement theory. I outline some difficulties which the traditional account of measurement presents for material theories of mind before introducing a new development which promises to exorcise the ghost of consciousness from physics and relieve the cognitive scientist of the burden of explaining why certain material structures reduce wavefunctions by virtue of being conscious while others do not. The interactive decoherence of complex quantum systems reveals that the oddities and complexities of linear superposition and state vector reduction are irrelevant to computational aspects of the philosophy of mind and that many conclusions in related fields are ill founded.     

An isogeometric analysis approach to gradient‐dependent plasticity

Gradient‐dependent plasticity can be used to achieve mesh‐objective results upon loss of well‐posedness of the initial/boundary value problem because of the introduction of strain softening, non‐associated flow, and geometric nonlinearity. A prominent class of gradient plasticity models considers a dependence of the yield strength on the Laplacian of the hardening parameter, usually an invariant of the plastic strain tensor. This inclusion causes the consistency condition to become a partial differential equation, in addition to the momentum balance. At the internal moving boundary, one has to impose appropriate boundary conditions on the hardening parameter or, equivalently, on the plastic multiplier. This internal boundary condition can be enforced without tracking the elastic‐plastic boundary by requiring ‐continuity with respect to the plastic multiplier. In this contribution, this continuity has been achieved by using nonuniform rational B‐splines as shape functions both for the plastic multiplier and for the displacements. One advantage of this isogeometric analysis approach is that the displacements can be interpolated one order higher, making it consistent with the interpolation of the plastic multiplier. This is different from previous approaches, which have been exploited. The regularising effect of gradient plasticity is shown for 1‐ and 2‐dimensional boundary value problems.     

Measuring the Heavens: Charles S. Peirce and Astronomical Photography

Taking its point of departure from the current digitisation of the Harvard Astronomical Plate Collection, this article follows the plates back to the time when the status of photography as a research tool for astronomers was still to be established. It focuses on Charles S. Peirce, who, while employed by the US Coast Survey, made astronomical observations and contributed to the deliberation over visual and photographic methods. Particular attention is paid to Peirce’s involvement in early explorations of photography’s potential as a measurement tool. The guiding assumption is that approaching photography as a tool, rather than as a sign or representation, offers new inroads into the old problem of photography’s revealing powers and its capacity to serve as a means of discovery in science. Drawing on Peirce’s scientific practice as an alternative resource for theory construction, this article contributes to the ongoing efforts to conceptualise the productive or generative dimension of photographic methods. It concludes by pointing to the diagrammatic notion of evidence developed late in Peirce’s philosophical career, proposing that photography be reconceived as a diagrammatic tool.