Digital self-control interventions for distracting media multitasking - A systematic review

Digital distractions can interfere with goal attainment and lead to undesirable habits that are hard to get red rid of. Various digital self-control interventions promise support to alleviate the negative impact of digital distractions. These interventions use different approaches, such as the blocking of apps and websites, goal setting, or visualizations of device usage statistics. While many apps and browser extensions make use of these features, little is known about their effectiveness. This systematic review synthesizes the current research to provide insights into the effectiveness of the different kinds of interventions. From a search of the ‘ACM’, ‘Springer Link’, ‘Web of Science’, ’IEEE Xplore’ and ‘Pubmed’ databases, we identified 28 digital self-control interventions. We categorized these interventions according to their features and their outcomes. The interventions showed varying degrees of effectiveness, and especially interventions that relied purely on increasing the participants' awareness were barely effective. For those interventions that sanctioned the use of distractions, the current literature indicates that the sanctions have to be sufficiently difficult to overcome, as they will otherwise be quickly dismissed. The overall confidence in the results is low, with small sample sizes, short study duration, and unclear study contexts. From these insights, we highlight research gaps and close with suggestions for future research.     

Choice With Initial and Terminal Link Reinforcement: An Alternative Self-Control Paradigm.

Self-control is demonstrated when a less desirable immediate outcome is chosen to ensure a substantially better future. In a novel animal analogue of this situation, primary reinforcement was delivered in both the initial and terminal links of a concurrent chain schedule. Rats made initial link choices between equal amounts of ethanol-free or ethanol-containing milk. Choosing the ethanol-free reinforcer resulted in delivery of the larger terminal link reinforcer and was thus analogous to self-control. Self-control decreased as the delay between initial and terminal links increased. The results have implications for human choice situations where decisions are made between two immediately available reinforcement alternatives each associated with a different delayed outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

异步电动机直接转矩控制系统的仿真研究

介绍了异步电动机直接转矩控制系统的基本组成和工作原理。采用异步电动机α-β坐标系下的磁链和转矩观测模型,按照磁链的圆形与六边形控制方法,基于MATLAB6.5／Simulink5.0构建了直接转矩控制调速系统的仿真模型。提出了一种新的判断磁链运行区间的方法,该方法简单可行、计算量小。仿真结果验证了该模型的正确性和该控制系统的有效性。     

堆石混凝土系列技术在西部水电工程中的应用

堆石混凝土技术可以充分利用当地石料,环境友好,经济性好,工艺简单,建造速度快,已在工程中得到快速推广应用.截至2020年底,已新建、在建堆石混凝土大坝114座,其中,重力坝104座,拱坝10座,最大坝高90m.基于堆石混凝土基础研究,相继发明的水下自护混凝土与自流控制灌浆技术,可以在水下施工、地基处理、大坝加固等诸多领...     

Resisting tempting foods and smoking behavior: Implications from a self-control theory perspective.

Objective: Individuals may desire to diet or restrain from eating certain foods while attempting to quit smoking out of concern for weight gain. However, previous research and clinical tobacco treatment guidelines suggest that concurrent dieting may undermine attempts to quit smoking. The current study applied the self-control strength model, which posits that self-regulation relies on a limited strength that is consumed with use, to test whether resisting tempting sweets would lead to a greater likelihood of subsequent smoking. Design: Participants were 101 cigarette smokers randomly assigned to resist eating either from a tempting plate of sweets or from a plate of less tempting vegetables. All participants were then given a 10-min recess. Main Outcome Measures: Whether participants smoked during the break, measured with a breath carbon monoxide sample, served as the primary dependent variable. Results: As predicted, participants who resisted sweets were more likely to smoke during the break (53.2%) than those who resisted vegetables (34.0%), χ2(1, N = 101) = 3.65 p     

Using SMS text messaging to assess moderators of smoking reduction: Validating a new tool for ecological measurement of health behaviors.

Objective: Understanding the psychological processes that contribute to smoking reduction will yield population health benefits. Negative mood may moderate smoking lapse during cessation, but this relationship has been difficult to measure in ongoing daily experience. We used a novel form of ecological momentary assessment to test a self-control model of negative mood and craving leading to smoking lapse. Design: We validated short message service (SMS) text as a user-friendly and low-cost option for ecologically measuring real-time health behaviors. We sent text messages to cigarette smokers attempting to quit eight times daily for the first 21 days of cessation (N-obs = 3,811). Main outcome measures: Approximately every two hours, we assessed cigarette count, mood, and cravings, and examined between- and within-day patterns and time-lagged relationships among these variables. Exhaled carbon monoxide was assessed pre- and posttreatment. Results: Negative mood and craving predicted smoking two hours later, but craving mediated the mood–smoking relationship. Also, this mediation relationship predicted smoking over the next two, but not four, hours. Conclusion: Results clarify conflicting previous findings on the relation between affect and smoking, validate a new low-cost and user-friendly method for collecting fine-grained health behavior assessments, and emphasize the importance of rapid, real-time measurement of smoking moderators. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Practicing self-control lowers the risk of smoking lapse.

Recent research has suggested that practicing small acts of self-control can lead to an improvement in self-control performance. Because smoking cessation requires self-control, it was hypothesized that a treatment that builds self-control should help in quitting smoking. A total of 122 smokers either practiced small acts of self-control for 2 weeks before quitting smoking or practiced a task that increased their awareness of self-control or feelings of confidence, without exercising self-control. Their smoking status was assessed using daily telephone calls and biochemically verified. Individuals who practiced self-control remained abstinent longer than those who practiced tasks that did not require self-control. Supplemental analyses suggested that the increased survival times were a product of building self-control strength and were not produced by changes in feelings that practicing should help in cessation, effort exerted on the practice task, or thinking more about self-control while practicing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

自反馈式恒张力放带装置的设计

传统的电缆绕包工序生产过程中,带材的绕包张力变化较大(2.78倍),影响电缆产品质量.本文介绍一种自反馈式恒张力放带装置,使整盘带材在连续绕包过程中,其放带张力的变化仅有±5%,有效的提高了带材绕包的工序质量;分析了该装置的结构及设计的步骤和方法,并为该装置的运动分析提供了一定的理论依据.     

福州置地广场中央空调自控系统设计调试

概括介绍了这座甲级写字楼BAS楼宇自控系统的中央空调自控系统的设计调试实施过程,阐述控制系统的设计、参数设定、调试系统效果等。     

Harnessing the need for immediate gratification: Cognitive reconstrual modulates the reward value of temptations.

Many of us succumb to temptations, despite knowing that we will later regret doing so. How can such behavior be avoided? In three studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that reconstruing temptation as a test of a valued internal quality ("willpower") would decrease the tendency to succumb by reducing the appeal of the temptation. In Study 1, participants who construed a challenging handgrip task as a test of willpower resisted the temptation to terminate the painful task longer than participants who did not. In Study 2, participants performed a handgrip task twice. Only participants who changed their construal of the task into a test of willpower improved their performance. In Study 3, participants took a timed math test while being tempted by comedy clips. Participants who reconstrued the situation as willpower test compared with participants who did not, (a) enjoyed the videos less, and (b) were better able to resist the tempting videos. These studies demonstrate that cognitive reconstrual can be used to modify reward contingencies, so that succumbing to temptation becomes less appealing, and resisting temptation becomes more appealing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)