In situ 2D mapping of hydrogen entry into an Fe sheet under a droplet of NaCl solution using a hydrogenochromic sensor

The distribution of hydrogen entering an Fe sheet under a droplet of NaCl solution was successfully visualized using a hydrogenochromic sensor consisting of a polyaniline layer and a Ni intermediate layer. At the initial stage of corrosion, the hydrogen entry was barely confirmed. The hydrogen entry was observed as the corrosion proceeded, and the preferential hydrogen entry site corresponded to the rust-formed area. It was postulated that the hydrogen entry is promoted by the decrease in pH due to the hydrolysis reactions of Fe ions under the rust. The hydrogenochromic sensor paves the way for the visualization of the hydrogen entry into metals under corrosion conditions.     

Generation,validation and application of dynamic load profiles in flow measurement using cavitating Herschel–Venturi nozzles

Today, utility meters for water are tested for measurement behavior at stable operating conditions at specified flow rates as part of the approval process. The measurement error that occurs during start and stop or when changing between flow rates may not be taken into account. In addition, there are new technologies whose measuring behavior under real-world conditions is only known to a limited extend. To take these facts into account, a new method has been developed and tested to determine the measurement behavior of water meters under dynamic load profiles as they occur in the real application. For this purpose, a test rig for flow rate measurement was extended by a cavitation nozzle apparatus and the generation of dynamic load profiles was validated. For the cavitation nozzles used, possible factors influencing the flow rate, such as temperature and purity of the water as well as the upstream pressure were investigated. Using different types of domestic water meters, the applicability of the dynamic test procedure was demonstrated and the measurement behavior of the meters was characterised.     

Unreliable numbers: error and harm induced by bad design can be reduced by better design

Number entry is a ubiquitous activity and is often performed in safety- and mission-critical procedures, such as healthcare, science, finance, aviation and in many other areas. We show that Monte Carlo methods can quickly and easily compare the reliability of different number entry systems. A surprising finding is that many common, widely used systems are defective, and induce unnecessary human error. We show that Monte Carlo methods enable designers to explore the implications of normal and unexpected operator behaviour, and to design systems to be more resilient to use error. We demonstrate novel designs with improved resilience, implying that the common problems identified and the errors they induce are avoidable.     

Evaluation of microbial toxins,trace elements and sensory properties of a high-theabrownins instant Pu-erh tea produced using Aspergillus tubingensis via submerged fermentation

Theabrownins (TB) are polymeric phenolic compounds associated with the multiple bioactivities of Pu-erh tea, a post-fermented Chinese dark tea. High-TB instant Pu-erh tea was produced via a novel submerged fermentation (SF) using Aspergillus tubingensis and compared with samples produced commercially via the conventional solid-state fermentation (SSF). Viable microorganisms and microbial toxins, especially aflatoxins B₁, G₁, B₂, G₂, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins B₁, B₂, B₃ and ochratoxin A, were below the detection limit in all samples. Fewer microbial metabolites were found in SF instant tea compared with the SSF teas. Based on an adult consuming 1 g of instant Pu-erh tea daily, the dietary intake of investigated elements was below the safe limits recommended by various authorities. Tasters viewed the instant tea infusions as very mild, smooth, mellow and full. This suggested that submerged fermentation using A. tubingensis offers a speedy and safe alternative to commercial production of instant Pu-erh tea.     

Kinetic,thermodynamic parameters and in vitro digestion of tannase from Aspergillus tamarii URM 7115

Tannase is an enzyme used in various industries and produced by a large number of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate tannase production to determine the biochemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties and to simulate tannase in vitro digestion. The tannase-producing fungal strain was isolated from “jamun” leaves and identified as Aspergillus tamarii. Temperature at 26°C for 67?h was the best combination for maximum tannase activity (6.35-fold; initial activity in Plackett–Burman design—15.53?U/mL and average final activity in Doehlert design—98.68?U/mL). The crude extract of tannase was optimally active at 40°C, pH 5.5 and 6.5. Moreover, tannase was stimulated by Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺. The half-life at 40°C lasted 247.55?min. The free energy of Gibbs, enthalpy, and entropy, at 40°C, was 81.47, 16.85, and ?0.21?kJ/mol?·?K, respectively. After total digestion, 123.95% of the original activity was retained. Results suggested that tannase from A. tamarii URM 7115 is an enzyme of interest for industrial applications, such as gallic acid production, additive for feed industry, and for beverage manufacturing, due to its catalytic and thermodynamic properties.     

VMS DCL命令的最简输入方法

本文给出了在VAX/VMS上用键定义设施和主谓模式实现的一种最简命令输入方法,它能极大地提高计算机系统的利用率和程序员的工作效率。文中给出了全部程序列表和一个应用实例。     

以入世为契机,进一步推进电力科研院所企业化转制

我国入世和融入经济全球化，将给中国经济运行的大环境带来深刻变化，科技事业也面临着全新挑战。电力科研所实行企业化转制，与国际接轨，按照国际规则办事势在必行。作者作为电力科研单位的一把手就电力科研院所的企业化转制阐述了个人的观点。转制必须有利于回忆科技创新和高新技术产品的开发；必须有利于抓紧培养和造就复合型人才队伍；必须有利于更好地为电网、为发供电企业提供规范化、制度化、长期化和现代化的全方位服务。     

螺旋焊管内涂层涂敷挥发份的清除

针对大口径螺旋焊管内涂层涂敷作业时，钢管内残留的涂料挥发份如何清除的问题，介绍了一种自行设计制造的内涂层涂敷挥发份吹除装置。     

一种洁净的、非接触性的新型粘合剂喷洒技术

介绍了Robatech公司开发的PFC喷嘴。这种喷嘴为标准化组件，具有较大的适用性，既适用于新厂配套，也适用于老设备改造。