Effects of viscosity on the bitterness and astringency of grape seed tannin

To examine the separate effects of viscosity and sweetness on astringency, aqueous solutions of grape seed tannin (GST) were thickened with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from 2 to 45 cP (experiment 1) or sweetened with 0 to 1.8 g/L aspartame (experiment 2). Trained subjects continuously rated astringency and bitterness in duplicate. Subjects were categorized by the salivary flow induced by citric acid and ability to taste n-propyl thiouracil (PROP). In experiment 1, maximum intensity and total duration of astringency were significantly decreased as viscosity rose, although time to maximum intensity of astringency was not affected. Maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness were not significantly affected by increasing viscosity; however, the onset of bitterness was significantly delayed. In experiment 2, increasing sweetness had no affect on any astringency parameter, although maximum intensity of bitterness was significantly decreased. Neither PROP nor salivary flow-status had any effect on perception of bitterness or astringency in either experiment.     

The influence of the ion content of whey on the pH-activity profile of the β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae

The pH-dependence of the reaction kinetics of lactase (β-galactosidase) from Aspergillus oryzae in different reaction media is presented in terms of a two-parameter model. The lactase from A. oryzae seems to have replaced the A. niger lactase on the market owing to a better activity/price ratio and may be utilised for lactose hydrolysis in acid as well as in neutral milk products. Its pH optimum is around pH 4.5. However, in the neutral pH-range its activity depended strongly on the salt content of the substrate solution. For example, its activity in whey (pH 6.5) fell to only 30% of its expected activity in a pure lactose solution at the same pH. The whey effect was the same for both soluble and immobilised lactase. The two parameter kinetic model, which included a term for competitive product inhibition gave excellent agreement with experimental data, and may thus be useful for the prediction of reactor performance with this enzyme.     

The microbiology of mixed salad containing raw and cooked ingredients without dressing

Growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in mixed salad without dressing, containing cooked sweet corn and raw endive, was similar to that of raw endive alone. At 9°C, sweet corn permitted the growth of the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides , whenever the bacterium was present on raw endive, whereas no growth of lactic acid bacteria was recorded on raw endive alone. Listeria monocytogenes , artificially inoculated in the samples, grew more in the mixed salad than in the raw endive alone, for products stored at 6°C and 9°C. Acidification of sweet corn to pH 5.0 was proposed to reduce the development of L. monocytogenes in the mixed salad to a level similar to that recorded in the raw endive alone. Acidification with citric acid reduced spoilage of sweet corn, whereas acetic acid caused necrosis on the leaves of raw endive.     

复方降脂中药的性味归经与药效的BPNN研究

针对复方中药药效与其性味归经之间复杂的、不确定的关系,建立适于复方降脂中药的BP神经网络模型,运用Matlab快速预测复方降脂中药的药效指标。经验证,该方法为一种快速、可靠的方法。     

11°BX全麦芽啤酒的工艺研究

介绍了一种全麦芽啤酒生产的新工艺。通过大量的试验与探索，确定了合理的生产工艺条件，解决了全麦芽啤酒酿造时色度深、酸度高、口味粗糙等难题，从而研制出了一种具有淡爽型啤酒特征的11°BX全麦芽啤酒。     

TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue

Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.     

黄山头大曲酒独特醇甜型风格成因初探

从黄山头酒业所处地理位置的自然生态环境、有机原料基地的建设、生产工艺特点、民俗习惯、现代生物技术的应用与传统工艺的改进、酒体微量成分与人体健康等六个方面探讨了黄山头大曲酒的＂绵、甜、爽、净、香＂风格特征的成因。决定黄山头大曲酒醇甜型风格的六大主要因素为自然生态环境、原辅料、微生物区系、糖化发酵剂、酿酒工艺、储存设备与环境。     

测井多参数两向量法识别页岩气地质“甜点”

为了给页岩气水平井地质导向钻井目标层的优选提供地质依据,以四川盆地威远地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩地层为研究对象,提出了测井多参数两向量法识别页岩气地质"甜点"的方法。该方法首先利用测井曲线计算页岩有机碳含量、脆性指数和含气饱和度;然后优选敏感反映好、中、差页岩气层的测井地质参数,结合试井资料构建页岩气层样本集;再由好、差两类页岩气层样本计算第一、第二判别向量C、K及其对应的综合指标R_1、R_2,建立好、中、差页岩气层判别图版和分类特征投影函数F;进而根据判别结果优选出页岩气地质"甜点"作为地质导向钻井的目标层,并进行了现场检验。结果表明:(1)据该区筇竹寺组页岩地层测井地质参数拟合/改进的有机碳含量、脆性指数、含气饱和度的公式可用于相关参数的计算;(2)依据页岩气层判别图版与特征函数F确定页岩气地质"甜点"层段判别标准所得到的结果直观可靠;(3)现场实践中,采用该方法实时准确划分了页岩地层的目标层和导向标志层,准确率由采用传统的多元线性逐步判别法的72.6%提高到了现在的87.4%。结论认为,该方法应用于研究区页岩气地质"甜点"的判别,所得结果合理可靠、准确度高。