刍议先秦工艺造物思想中的“功能主义”

设计是人类的文化性物质创造活动。由于设计的终极目标永远是功能性与审美性,因此对设计的功能与形式等问题的讨论,有着极为悠久的历史。春秋战国时代,诸子百家对于"文"与"质"、"用"与"美"、自然与环境等诸方面都展开过热烈的争论,"功能主义"设计理念已经体现于诸子的理论学说之中。     

An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Relapse Crises in Dieting.

Much of the research on relapse crises in dieting has focused on isolated lapse events and relied heavily on retrospective self-report data. The present study sought to overcome these limitations by using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) techniques to examine situations of dietary temptation and lapse with a sample of obese, formerly sedentary, postmenopausal women (N = 37) during the final week of a weight-loss intervention. Mood was associated with reports of dietary lapse. Abstinence-violation effects were more strongly associated with dietary lapses than temptations. Finally, coping responses distinguished dietary temptations from lapses. Education on the factors associated with relapse crises in dieting may be imperative for weight loss success and maintenance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Harnessing the need for immediate gratification: Cognitive reconstrual modulates the reward value of temptations.

Many of us succumb to temptations, despite knowing that we will later regret doing so. How can such behavior be avoided? In three studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that reconstruing temptation as a test of a valued internal quality ("willpower") would decrease the tendency to succumb by reducing the appeal of the temptation. In Study 1, participants who construed a challenging handgrip task as a test of willpower resisted the temptation to terminate the painful task longer than participants who did not. In Study 2, participants performed a handgrip task twice. Only participants who changed their construal of the task into a test of willpower improved their performance. In Study 3, participants took a timed math test while being tempted by comedy clips. Participants who reconstrued the situation as willpower test compared with participants who did not, (a) enjoyed the videos less, and (b) were better able to resist the tempting videos. These studies demonstrate that cognitive reconstrual can be used to modify reward contingencies, so that succumbing to temptation becomes less appealing, and resisting temptation becomes more appealing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Delay of gratification, motivation for the prohibited gratification, and responses to temptation.

Yielding to temptation, in a situation in which attainment of achievement rewards is contingent upon deviant (cheating) behavior, was conceptualized to be a function of (a) the strength of the motivation to attain the prohibited gratification, and (b) the inability to delay immediate gratification. 6th-grade boys participated in an experimentally controlled "shooting gallery" game of skill in which attainment of achievement rewards (prizes) was contingent upon the child's falsifying his own scores. Motivation for the prohibited gratification was inferred from "n Achievement" scores: preference for immediate, smaller (ImR) or delayed, larger (DelR) rewards in choice situations was the index of the ability to delay gratification. Achievement motivation was related to the S's producing sufficiently deviant scores to obtain an achievement reward, and preference for DelR was related negatively to the amount of cheating and positively to the latency of cheating, i.e., the number of trials before the occurrence of the 1st deviation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于囚徒困境策略的改进HK网络上的合作博弈

为模拟现实世界的合作行为,本文在HK网络模型基础上提出了一种具有高聚类幂律可调性质的新的网络模型,并分析了囚徒困境博弈在此网络上的演化。通过仿真实验,研究了该网络的高聚类特性对合作行为的影响。大量实验表明,网络的高聚类特性可以极大促进合作现象的涌现。同时研究也发现,随着诱惑参数的变大,合作水平也会随之下降,但幅度不大。总之,该演化博弈模型可以促进合作现象的涌现并抵御背叛策略的传播。     

Using self-efficacy judgments to predict characteristics of lapses to smoking.

According to relapse prevention theory, abstinence self-efficacy judgments (ASE; confidence in ability to abstain from smoking) about particular affective and environmental contexts should predict behavior in those contexts. Low-ASE contexts should present challenges to abstinence. In this study, the authors used profile correlations to quantify the relationship between context-specific ASE ratings and the characteristics of lapse episodes. To assess the distinctiveness of this relationship, they also correlated the situations surrounding temptation and randomly selected (nontemptation) episodes with context-specific ASE. The ASE-first lapse profile correlation was significantly greater than zero and significantly greater than ASE-temptation and ASE-nontemptation correlations. This pattern of results remained when multiple lapse episodes were considered. Thus, low-ASE contexts tend to be associated with lapses to smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the Self-Control Strength Model.

Individuals whose self-control strength is depleted through the prior exertion of self-control may consume more alcohol in situations that demand restraint. Male social drinkers either exerted self-control by suppressing their thoughts or did not exert self-control while doing arithmetic. They then sampled beer. Participants expected a driving test after drinking and therefore were motivated to limit their intake. Individuals who suppressed their thoughts consumed more and achieved a higher blood alcohol content than those who did arithmetic. The groups did not differ in mood, arousal, or frustration. Individuals higher in trait temptation to drink consumed more after suppressing their thoughts relative to those lower in trait temptation. Alcohol intake may be a function of temptation to drink and self-control strength. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cultural influence on conscience development: Resistance to temptation and guilt among Samoans and American Caucasians.

In this study (a) the socialization effects of a shame and a guilt culture on conscience development are compared with Samoan and American Caucasian children and (b) the relationships between resistance to temptation and guilt are investigated. Inferences about conscience strength were made from behavior in a real-life temptation situation and from responses to projective story completion items depicting transgressions. The results show that the Samoan Ss were significantly less likely than the mainland Ss to resist temptation and to show susceptibility toward remorse, confession, and restitution after transgression. The projective measures of guilt are shown to be highly interrelated but inconsistently related to temptation behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

女性诱惑在设计中的应用

以女性元素为设计主体来代言产品的现象为启示,分析了这一类设计的特点并将这类设计归纳为女性诱惑设计,进一步细分下来可以概括为性暗示设计、美诱惑设计、情感流露设计三类,探讨了女性诱惑在设计中容易出现过度化的问题。提出了设计师在设计时可以适当注入朦胧美的概念来诠释和丰富女性诱惑的魅力。     

The self-control costs of fighting the temptation to drink.

Being exposed to the sight and smell of an alcoholic beverage and not drinking it should require self-control. On the basis of the self-control strength model (M. Muraven & R. F. Baumeister, 2000), exerting self-control should lead to poorer performance on subsequent self-control tasks. Using a cue exposure paradigm, the authors had 160 social drinkers alternately sniff water and alcohol. After each trial, the drinkers engaged in 2 self-control tasks: squeezing a handgrip and a self-stopping task. Performance on these tasks was worse after sniffing alcohol than after sniffing water. Mood and arousal did not mediate the effects; urge to drink was negatively related to outcomes. The effects were stronger for individuals high in trait temptation to drink. Resisting the temptation of drinking appears to undermine self-control capacity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)