Selective effects of triazolam on memory for emotional, relative to neutral, stimuli: Differential effects on gist versus detail.

Benzodiazepines are known to reduce learning and memory performance, presumably through their facilitation of GABAergic neurotransmission, but the effects of these drugs specifically on memory for emotional material has not been addressed in humans. The effects of a benzodiazepine (triazolam, 0.25 mg) on nonincidental memory for emotional stimuli were assessed in 20 healthy volunteers (10 female). Triazolam reduced the normally facilitative effect of emotion on memory. The drug specifically affected memory for the gist of stimuli while leaving detail memory relatively unaffected. This pattern of performance is similar to that seen in patients with amygdala damage. Results suggest an effect of GABAergic neurotransmission at the level of the amygdala on memory modulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

流动相pH值对地西泮、艾司唑仑、氯氮卓、三唑仑HPLC色谱行为的影响

在其它HPLC分析条件不变的前提下,本实验考察了地西泮、艾司唑仑、氯氮卓、三唑仑4种苯二氮卓类药物保留时间、拖尾因子、峰面积3个指标随流动相水相PH值改变而变化的趋势,初步总结了流动相pH值对4种药物HPLC色谱行为的影响.     

Discriminative Stimulus and Self-Reported Effects of Methylphenidate, d-Amphetamine, and Triazolam in Methylphenidate-Trained Humans.

Asymmetrical generalization between drugs on drug-discrimination procedures has been demonstrated for sedative and stimulant drugs in animals and to some extent with sedative drugs in humans. The aim of this experiment was to examine the discriminative-stimulus effects of d-amphetamine in methylphenidate-trained humans. A previous study demonstrated that methylphenidate substitutes for d-amphetamine in d-amphetamine-trained humans. Six healthy human participants first learned to discriminate 30 mg oral methylphenidate. Doses of oral methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, triazolam, and placebo were then tested to determine whether they share discriminative-stimulus and self-reported effects with 30 mg methylphenidate. Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine dose-dependently increased methylphenidate-appropriate responding and produced prototypical stimulant-like effects. Triazolam produced low levels of methylphenidate-appropriate responding and prototypical sedative-like effects. The results of this experiment are concordant with previous studies and suggest that the behavioral effects of oral methylphenidate and d-amphetamine overlap extensively and that the discriminative-stimulus effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine are symmetrical. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discriminative-stimulus, self-reported, performance, and cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine in methylphenidate-trained humans.

Atomoxetine is marketed as a nonstimulant medication indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Previous laboratory research suggests that atomoxetine has limited abuse potential but that some of its behavioral effects might overlap with traditional psychomotor stimulants like methylphenidate and d-amphetamine. A drug with this profile might be useful for the treatment of stimulant dependence. The aim of this experiment was to compare the discriminative-stimulus and self-reported effects of atomoxetine with methylphenidate, damphetamine, and triazolam in humans who had acquired a methylphenidate (30 mg) discrimination. Six healthy subjects with a recent history of nontherapeutic stimulant use were enrolled in this outpatient study. After subjects acquired the methylphenidate discrimination, a range of doses of methylphenidate (5-30 mg), atomoxetine (15-90 mg), d-amphetamine (2.5-15 mg), triazolam (0.06-0.375 mg), and placebo were tested. To more fully characterize the behavioral effects of atomoxetine, a battery of self-reported drug-effect questionnaires, a performance task, and cardiovascular assessments were also included. Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine increased drug-appropriate responding and produced typical stimulant-like effects (e.g., increased ratings of "Active, Alert, Energetic"). Atomoxetine partially substituted for methylphenidate (i.e., 33%-50%) and produced some dose-dependent, stimulant-like, subject-rated drug effects, although the magnitude of these effects was less than d-amphetamine and methylphenidate and generally did not attain statistical significance. These data suggest that the behavioral effects of atomoxetine overlap to a small degree with psychomotor stimulants and that it has low abuse potential. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Triazolam impairs inhibitory control of behavior in humans.

This study tested the effects of the sedative-hypnotic drug triazolam (Halcion) on the ability to inhibit behavior in humans. Thirty adults practiced a stop-signal task that measured their ability to inhibit and activate behavioral responses on a choice reaction time task. Equal numbers of participants (i.e., n?=?10) then received either 0.25 mg, 0.125 mg, or 0 mg (placebo) of triazolam under double-blind conditions and performed the task intermittently over a 3-hr period. In accord with the hypothesis, triazolam reduced response inhibitions and increased the time required to inhibit a response. The drug also slowed the activation of responses. The findings contribute to the understanding of the basic behavioral mechanisms by which sedative-hypnotic drugs can produce states of behavioral disinhibition in some individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers.

Benzodiazepines and alcohol are widely used psychoactive substances that have performance-impairing effects. Research suggests that the impairment profiles for benzodiazepines and alcohol differ, although few cognitive psychopharmacological studies have directly compared these drugs. This double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, repeated measures study directly compared the acute dose effects of triazolam (0.125, 0.25 mg/70 kg) and alcohol (0.40, 0.80 g/kg) in 20 social drinkers. At doses that produced comparable psychomotor impairment, triazolam was more likely to impair several objective measures of cognitive performance (e.g., episodic memory, divided attention) and to slow performance across several measures. However, only alcohol impaired accuracy on the digit symbol substitution and semantic memory tasks. In addition to objective measures, both drugs impaired awareness of performance impairments (i.e., metacognition) such that participants overestimated impairment, and the magnitude of this effect was generally larger for alcohol. Only triazolam impaired other measures of metacognition (e.g., error detection on a choice reaction time task). Future research might examine the clinical implications of the performance impairments reported here given the widespread use of benzodiazepines and alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)