Harnessing the need for immediate gratification: Cognitive reconstrual modulates the reward value of temptations.

Many of us succumb to temptations, despite knowing that we will later regret doing so. How can such behavior be avoided? In three studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that reconstruing temptation as a test of a valued internal quality ("willpower") would decrease the tendency to succumb by reducing the appeal of the temptation. In Study 1, participants who construed a challenging handgrip task as a test of willpower resisted the temptation to terminate the painful task longer than participants who did not. In Study 2, participants performed a handgrip task twice. Only participants who changed their construal of the task into a test of willpower improved their performance. In Study 3, participants took a timed math test while being tempted by comedy clips. Participants who reconstrued the situation as willpower test compared with participants who did not, (a) enjoyed the videos less, and (b) were better able to resist the tempting videos. These studies demonstrate that cognitive reconstrual can be used to modify reward contingencies, so that succumbing to temptation becomes less appealing, and resisting temptation becomes more appealing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.

The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and of social behaviors (i.e., helping behavior, coping with thoughts of death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed that (a) acts of self-control reduced blood glucose levels, (b) low levels of blood glucose after an initial self-control task predicted poor performance on a subsequent self-control task, and (c) initial acts of self-control impaired performance on subsequent self-control tasks, but consuming a glucose drink eliminated these impairments. Self-control requires a certain amount of glucose to operate unimpaired. A single act of self-control causes glucose to drop below optimal levels, thereby impairing subsequent attempts at self-control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

再论海明威作品中的“硬汉”形象

进一步论述了海明威作品中的"硬汉"形象,说明了构成"硬汉式"形象的主要力量来自其体质、精神、心理和社会诸种因素的合力.文中还从"硬汉"形象这一主题分析海明威从事写作的思想之路,从而充分展示了硬汉人物的优秀品质.     

思想政治教育与创新人才非智力因素发展

创新人才的思维发展与非智力因素有着紧密的联系,通过分析创新人才的动机、意志、情感和人格等非智力因素,论述思想政治教育对这些因素的积极影响.     

足球运动与学生意志品质的培养

在素质教育中,广泛开展足球运动对当代大学生意志品质的培养具有重大而现实的意义。     

浅谈学生意志品质的培养

意志品质是学生个性的重要组成部分,教学中要有意识地培养学生自觉性品质、果断性品质、坚持性品质和自制性品质.     

A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower.

A 2-system framework is proposed for understanding the processes that enable—and undermine—self-control or "willpower" as exemplified in the delay of gratification paradigm. A cool, cognitive "know" system and a hot, emotional "go" system are postulated. The cool system is cognitive, emotionally neutral, contemplative, flexible, integrated, coherent, spatiotemporal, slow, episodic, and strategic. It is the seat of self-regulation and self-control. The hot system is the basis of emotionality, fears as well as passions—impulsive and reflexive—initially controlled by innate releasing stimuli (and, thus, literally under "stimulus control"); it is fundamental for emotional (classical) conditioning and undermines efforts at self-control. The balance between the hot and cool systems is determined by stress, developmental level, and the individual's self-regulatory dynamics. The interactions between these systems allow explanation of findings on willpower from 3 decades of research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

刍议数学教学中的非智力因素

就高职学生生源的素质与能力而言，在提高学生智力因素的同时，也应当加强非智力因素的培养。本联系实际就数学教学中非智力因素的培养，提出一些具体的方法。