Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Battered Women With PTSD (CTT-BW).

This article describes a second treatment-outcome study of cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; CTT-BW). CTT-BW includes trauma history exploration: PTSD education; stress management; exposure to abuse and abuser reminders; self-monitoring of negative self-talk; cognitive therapy for guilt; and modules on self-advocacy, assertiveness, and how to identify perpetrators. One hundred twenty-five ethnically diverse women were randomly assigned to immediate or delayed CTT-BW. PTSD remitted in 87% of women who completed CTT-BW, with large reductions in depression and guilt and substantial increases in self-esteem. White and ethnic minority women benefited equally from CTT-BW. Similar treatment outcomes were obtained by male and female therapists and by therapists with different levels of education and training. Gains were maintained at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于Green-Ampt和稳渗不同入渗模型下的城市内涝影响数值模拟

为分析Green-Ampt和稳渗两种入渗模型对城市内涝的影响,以陕西省西咸新区沣西新城核心区为研究区域,应用基于水文及水动力方法的城市雨洪过程数值模型模拟城市暴雨致涝过程。以Green-Ampt入渗模型计算产流,模拟研究区内涝积水过程,发现计算数据与实测数据吻合度高,内涝积水点均实现精确的模拟。计算了1a、2a、5a、10a、20a、50a6种不同重现期设计降雨在两种不同入渗模型下的内涝积水总量与总面积的变化,结果表明:城市内涝积水达到峰值时,不同降雨重现期下Green-Ampt入渗下相较于稳渗内涝积水总量分别减少28.41%、26.49%、26.39%、21.04%、17.28%、15.02%,Ⅲ级及以上内涝积水总面积分别减少31.5%、28.6%、28.3%、20.7%、16.3%、12.7%。本研究应用不同入渗模型揭示了内涝积水程度在不同降雨重现期下的变化规律,对更合理地开展数值模型模拟以及城市雨洪管理工作具有重要借鉴意义。     

"Sin, the lesser of two evils": Comment.

Comments on the article "Sin, the lesser of two evils" by O.H. Mower (1960) (see record 1961-03555-001). The present author was puzzled by Mower's argument of bringing "sin" into psychotherapy and counters Mower on two of his key points. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contrast Dimmesdale and Hurstwood in Terms of Passion, Guilt and Death

Arthur Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter and Henry Hurstwood in Sister Carrie have little in common in passion,guilt and death though they follow almost the same pathroad of life.From the comparison between them——their different beliefs,social environments and author's different ideas,we know that the differences under the almost same surface makes literature more colorful which enriches our life.     

Young children's responses to guilt displays.

Displaying guilt after a transgression serves to appease the victim and other group members, restore interpersonal relationships, and indicate the transgressors' awareness of and desire to conform to the group's norms. We investigated whether and when young children are sensitive to these functions of guilt displays. In Study 1, after 4- and 5-year-old children watched videos of transgressors either displaying guilt (without explicitly apologizing) or not displaying guilt, 5-year-olds appropriately inferred that the victim would be madder at the unremorseful transgressor and would prefer the remorseful transgressor. They also said that they would prefer to interact with the remorseful transgressor, judged the unremorseful transgressor to be meaner, and, in a distribution of resources task, gave more resources to the remorseful transgressor. The 4-year-olds did not draw any of these inferences and distributed the resources equally. However, Study 2 showed that 4-year-olds were able to draw appropriate inferences about transgressors who explicitly apologized versus those who did not apologize. Thus, 4-year-olds seem to know the appeasement functions that explicit apologies serve but only when children have reached the age of 5 years do they seem to grasp the emotions that apologies stand for, namely, guilt and remorse, and the appeasement functions that displaying these emotions serve. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pattern of change in prolonged exposure and cognitive-processing therapy for female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Curve estimation techniques were used to identify the pattern of therapeutic change in female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Within-session data on the Posttraumatic Stres Disorder Symptom Scale were obtained, in alternate therapy sessions, on 171 women. The final sample of treatment completers included 54 prolonged exposure (PE) and 54 cognitive-processing therapy (CPT) completers. For both PE and CPT, a quadratic function provided the best fit for the total PTSD, reexperiencing, and arousal scores. However, a difference in the line of best fit was observed for the avoidance symptoms. Although a quadratic function still provided a better fit for the PE avoidance, a linear function was more parsimonious in explaining the CPT avoidance variance. Implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Determinants of justification and self-control.

The authors propose that people use 2 routes in justifying self-gratification: 1st through hard work or excellence (entitlement) and the 2nd through the attainment of vices without depleting income. This framework was tested using real tasks and choices adopted from prior research on self-control. The results indicate that (a) higher effort and (bogus) excellence feedback increase preferences for vice rewards, but these effects are reversed or attenuated when the interchangeability of effort and income is implied; (b) willingness to pay in effort is greater for vices than virtues, but willingness to pay in income is higher for virtues; and (c) these effects are magnified among individuals with stronger (chronic or manipulated) guilt. The authors discuss the ability of the justification routes to explain the findings of prior self-control research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Internalized homophobia and adult attachment: Implications for clinical practice.

Two hundred eighty-six men and women who identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) were surveyed using measures of attachment, internalized homophobia, shame, and guilt. Results indicated that secure attachment was negatively correlated with internalized homophobia, shame, and guilt. Fearful and preoccupied attachments were positively correlated with these constructs, accounting for 36.9% of the variance in scores. Results are discussed in terms of the therapeutic relationship, with the therapist serving as a secure base for LGB clients working through issues of internalized homophobia and social isolation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Theodor Reik: On psychoanalysis and the unconscious compulsion to confess.

In 1924, Theodor Reik presented a series of lectures in Vienna, which resulted in the publication of the book, The Compulsion to Confess (1925/1959). It was Reik's claim that his conceptualization of the unconscious compulsion to confess was a "discovery" and suggested that it be incorporated in the theory and lexicon of classical psychoanalytic theory. It is from the socialization experiences of the child (the modification of instinctual impulses) that repression is experienced and thus the process of confession is an attempt to quell (unconsciously) feelings of guilt and need for self-punishment. The power of a hostile superego plays the pivotal role, according to Reik, in the development of the neurosis, and it is within the framework and dynamics of the Oedipal complex that unconscious confessions result. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The equivalence of guilt and anxiety as psychological constructs.

The study investigates the relationship between anxiety and feelings of guilt by comparing the MA scale with a scale of items selected from the MMPI by clinical judges to measure the construct of feelings of guilt. A comparison was made of the 2 scales using the MMPI protocols of 70 VA psychiatric inpatients, 70 male psychiatric nursing aide applicants, and 70 female aide applicants. For the combined 3 groups there was a correlation of .75 which increases to .93 when correction is made for attenuation. The results were interpreted as showing that as far as self-report measures are concerned, scales involving clinical constructs of guilt and anxiety measure the same psychological entity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)