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Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral data is used to investigate the effects of topography on the selection of spectral end members, and to assess whether the topographic correction improves the discrimination of rock units for lithologic mapping. A publicly available Digital Elevation Model (DEM), at a scale of 1:50,000, is used to model the radiance variation of the scene as a function of topography, assuming a Lambertian surface. Skylight is estimated and removed from the airborne data using a dark object correction. The CASI data is corrected on a pixel-by-pixel basis to normalize the scene to a uniform solar illumination and viewing geometry. The results show that topography has the effect of expanding end member clusters at times resulting in the overlap of clusters and that the correction process can effectively reduce the variation in detected radiance due to changes in local illumination. When topographic effects are embedded in the hyperspectral data, methods typically used for the selection of end members, such as the convex hull method, can miss end members or result in the selection of nonrepresentative pixels as end members. Thus, end members selected by some conventional methods are very likely “incomplete” or “nonrepresentative” if the topographic effect is embedded in the data. As shown in this study, the topographic correction can reveal hidden end members and achieve a better representation of end members via the statistical center of isolated clusters. 相似文献
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化学结构式的拓扑描述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
化学结构式的拓扑描述,是化学信息计算机化的手段之一。这里系统地建立了一整套的连接表(三类:紧缩连接表、冗余连接表、和连接方阵),用来进行结构式中原子之间连接关系的拓扑描述,对分子结构进行数值化。同时,阐述了连接表唯一化的方法,并介绍了不同类型连接表之间的转换关系和还原为平面结构式图形的绘图程序。 相似文献
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Jaromir Zajac Frantisek Zacek Vojtech Lejsek Zbynek Brettschneider 《Fusion Engineering and Design》2007,82(4):369-379
The Compass-D tokamak is being planned to move from UKAEA Culham (England) be and reinstalled in IPP Prague (Czech Republic). An overview of Compass-D energetics is described in short. The new power sources have to be designed. Alternative solutions of power sources have been investigated. Ignitrons and mechanical breakers can be replaced by modern high-power semiconductors. With respect to the need of accumulated energy, new technologies of energy storage - supercapacitors and high-speed flywheels, not applied up to now in similar fusion projects, are characterized in comparison with traditional ones - capacitors and big motor-flywheel generators. It is shown that these technologies enhance possibilities in arrangement of power supplies for tokamaks as well as for other high-power demanding experiments with pulse length from fraction to tens of seconds. 相似文献
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This survey concerns the role of data structures for compactly storing and representing various types of information in a localized and distributed fashion. Traditional approaches to data representation are based on global data structures, which require access to the entire structure even if the sought information involves only a small and local set of entities. In contrast, localized data representation schemes are based on breaking the information into small local pieces, or labels , selected in a way that allows one to infer information regarding a small set of entities directly from their labels, without using any additional (global) information. The survey concentrates mainly on combinatorial and algorithmic techniques, such as adjacency and distance labeling schemes and interval schemes for routing, and covers complexity results on various applications, focusing on compact localized schemes for message routing in communication networks.Received: August 2001, Accepted: May 2002, Supported in part by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation. 相似文献
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采用通用蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序MCNP/38计算低环径比Tokamak(紧凑环或球形环)聚变堆第一壁及中心导体上的中子壁负荷分布和核热沉积分布,并与常规Tokamak堆第一壁上中子壁负荷分布和核热沉积分布进行比较、分析。结果表明,在中子壁负荷归一化为1MW/m2时,与常规Tokamak相比,在低环径比Tokamak堆第一壁及中心柱表面上中子壁负荷分布峰值并不比常规Tokamak堆第一壁上的峰值高,而且低于低环径比Tokamak堆整个第一壁上的平均值,而中心柱上的核热沉积峰值稍高于常规Tokamak堆第一壁上的核热沉积峰值,但对较高中子壁负荷情况,中心导体柱上的核热沉积和辐照损伤仍可能是比较严重和值得特别研究的问题。 相似文献
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Repetitive control is useful if periodic disturbances or setpoints act on a control system. Perfect (asymptotic) disturbance rejection is achieved if the period time is exactly known. The improved disturbance rejection at the periodic frequency and its harmonics is achieved at the expense of a degraded system sensitivity at intermediate frequencies. A convex optimization problem is defined for the design of high-order repetitive controllers, where a trade-off can be made between robustness for changes in the period time and for reduction of the error spectrum in-between the harmonic frequencies. The high-order repetitive control algorithms are successfully applied in experiments with the tracking control of a CD-player system. 相似文献
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The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall. 相似文献