Modelling diffusion-controlled kinetics in equilibrium and driven alloys

Summary We introduce a very simple model for thermally activated atomic migration on a lattice, and several techniques to handle it. For thermodynamical systems, the model can be used for simulating decomposition paths taking into account relevant metallurgical features. Close to equilibrium, the simplest mean-field approximation of the model can be linearized with respect to the departure from equilibrium; one then gets a microscopic interpretation of classical phenomenological coefficients, such as mobility, interfacial transfer coefficient, rate constants for the coupled relaxation of concentration and order fields. Further away from the equilibrium, the nonlinearities can be taken into account in a consistent way. For driven alloys, i.e. alloys submitted to external forcing, forced atomic migration is added to the model and new features emerge: the model is supported by several experimental results some of which confirmed its predictions a posteriori.     

金刚石工具专用电沉积铁铜合金的研制

采用双阳极动态阴极电解槽以电沉积的方式制备铁铜合金Fe70Cu30,通过工艺试验、添加试验测定铁铜合金的性能及应用性能研究。研究结果表明：Fe70Cu30本身即具有良好的热压烧结性能和很好的冷压性能;研究表明电沉积铁铜合金能够降低烧结温度,硬度没有大的变化,抗弯强度普遍有不同程度提高。根据应用试验结果,我们认为电沉积铁铜合金在某些方面具有无法替代的作用。     

纳米Fe-Cu体系的结构和电阻温度特性

采用机械合金化方法制备了亚稳Fe50Cu50纳米合金粉末,压片后在氩气中分别进行523 K、873 K热处理。利用X-ray衍射和M ssbauer效应对样品的结构和相变进行了分析,结果表明,机械合金化后的样品为面心立方结构的固溶体,经523K热处理后,亚稳合金已开始分解;经873 K热处理后,样品已完全转变为纳米尺寸的α-Fe和Cu的混合体。在15~295 K内对热处理后样品的电阻进行了测量,结果表明,样品表现为负的电阻温度系数。     

Pretreatment with Ozone for Gold and Silver Recovery from Refractory Ores

In this work ozonization was studied as pretreatment for two Mexican refractory ores in order to increase the gold and silver extraction. Two methods for contacting ozone with the mineral were studied (indirect and direct). The indirect method did not change the precious metals recoveries for mineral sample A, but increased those of mineral B (from 53 to 88% for gold and from 26 to 78% for silver). The direct pretreatment, only tested in mineral A, did not affect gold and silver recoveries but decreased the extraction time from 40 to 24 hours for maximum metal recovery.     

Fe-Cu-Sn烧结体的显微组织与力学性能

分别采用水雾化Fe-30%Cu合金粉末和单质Sn、Fe、Cu元素粉末为原料制备Fe-Cu-Sn合金,研究原料粉末和Sn含量(质量分数)对Fe-Cu-Sn烧结体致密度、冲击韧性、硬度和抗弯强度的影响。结果表明:与采用元素混合粉末相比,采用合金化程度较高的Fe-30%Cu(质量分数,下同)合金粉末为原料能大幅提高850℃烧结的Fe-Cu-5%Sn合金的致密度和力学性能,其致密度由82.8%提高到94.3%,硬度、冲击韧性和抗弯强度分别提高52%、84%和109%;当Sn的质量分数w(Sn)为3%～15%时,随着Sn质量分数增加,合金的硬度增大,冲击韧性和抗弯强度先增加后减小,其中w(Sn)为5%时,其抗弯强度和冲击韧性都较高,分别为977 MPa和11.6 J/cm2。当烧结体为双重结构组织时,其力学性能显著提高。     

Intensification of ore concentration and sorption extraction of metals from technogenic raw material

A review of the research data on energy effect produced on the processing behavior of minerals and ores is presented. It is experimentally found that treatment of ores by accelerated electrons fosters the ore weakening and the selectivity of dissociation. Thermal modification of natural sorbents and ultrasonic effect application allow reaching the tenfold increase in sorption and kinetics of the mass-exchange processes and sorption technologies. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 129–139, May–June, 2007.     

降低柴油机NOx排放的两种Urea-SCR催化剂对比试验

采用钒基与Fe-Cu分子筛催化剂的两种选择性催化还原(SCR)催化器来降低柴油机排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)浓度(体积分数ψ),在发动机台架系统上进行试验,对比研究催化剂温度、空速、氨储存特性以及异氰酸(HNCO)的水解特性等因素对NOx转化效率的影响.结果表明,Fe-Cu分子筛催化剂温度窗口比钒基催化剂要宽,低温催化效率好.排气温度为250℃时,催化效率可达80％;排气温度为200℃时,空速对钒基催化剂的影响比分子筛的要大;排气温度为350℃以下,两种催化剂基本不受空速的影响.Fe-Cu分子筛催化剂的储氨能力在293℃和378℃时都比钒基强;钒基催化剂在低温下对异氰酸的催化水解效果比分子筛的更佳,在中高温下两者效果都很好,     

Fe-Cu 超饱和固溶体的机械合金化合成

采用 X 射线衍射,电子衍射等方法,对不同成分的 Fe-Cu 二元混合物粉末经不同研磨时间的结构进行了测定、分析。结果表明,在高能球磨条件下,原本在固态下溶解度极低的 Fe-Cu 系列的溶解度大为提高,其面心立方结构一直可维持到60at.-%Fe。     

SiO_2和B_4C的组合对铁铜基摩擦材料性能的影响

研究了摩擦组元SiO_2和B_4C的组合对铁铜基摩擦材料性能的影响,结果发现,在摩擦组元总量不变的情况下,随SiO_2的增加和B_4C的减少,摩擦材料的摩擦系数和磨损量均下降,材料的摩擦系数随制动速度的增加降低,随制动压力的增加亦降低,通过相结构分析,烧结摩擦材料中的B_4C相已被Fe_2B相取代。     

Fe-Cu 系机械球磨合金化研究

目的为了实现Fe粉和Cu粉的合金化及观察其过程变化。方法采用机械球磨的方法,利用扫描电子显微镜等仪器,对球磨过程中的组织演变过程及微观形貌进行了研究。结果通过球磨得到了十几个纳米尺寸的晶粒。结论通过球磨可以得到过饱和固溶体。