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天然气上游领域国际标准化工作进展及建议 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
国际标准化组织天然气技术委员会天然气上游领域分委会(ISO/TC193/SC3)主要从事天然气上游领域(从井口到进入长输管线前)的有关分配、测量、湿气、天然气水合物控制管理的标准化工作。随着我国天然气工业的迅猛发展,对湿天然气流量测量、天然气水合物的控制和管理、湿天然气取样和分析测试这些领域的标准化需求也在不断增长。为此,对国际标准化组织天然气技术委员会天然气上游领域分委会ISO/TC 193/SC3的标准化发展动态进行了跟踪研究。介绍了ISO/TC 193/SC3的组织结构以及天然气上游领域国际标准化工作进展,包括标准发布情况和正在开展的标准化项目情况,对“天然气-上游领域-湿气测量”和“天然气-上游领域-水合物控制和管理”工作项目进行了说明。提出了在我国天然气上游领域的标准化工作中应积极跟踪ISO项目进展,推荐专家参与ISO项目工作,开展相关科学研究,形成专有技术等几点建议,为尽快完善我国天然气上游领域标准奠定基础。 相似文献
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The steady fusion plasma operation is constrained by tungsten(W) material sputtering issue in the EAST tokamak. In this work, the suppression of W sputtering source has been studied by advanced wall conditionings. It is also concluded that the W sputtering yield becomes more with increasing carbon(C) content in the main deuterium(D) plasma. In EAST, the integrated use of discharge cleanings and lithium(Li) coating has positive effects on the suppression of W sputtering source. In the plasma recovery experiments, it is suggested that the W intensity is reduced by approximately 60% with the help of ~35 h Ion Cyclotron Radio Frequency Discharge Cleaning(ICRF-DC) and ~40 g Li coating after vacuum failure. The first wall covered by Li film could be relieved from the bombardment of energetic particles, and the impurity in the vessel would be removed through the particle induced desorption and isotope exchange during the discharge cleanings. In general, the sputtering yield of W would decrease from the source, on the bias of the improvement of wall condition and the mitigation of plasmawall interaction process. It lays important base of the achievement of high-parameter and longpulse plasma operation in EAST. The experiences also would be constructive for us to promote the understanding of relevant physics and basis towards the ITER-like condition. 相似文献
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Multiphase flows consist of interacting phases that are dispersed randomly in space and in time. An additional complication arises from the fact that the flow region of interest often contains irregularly shaped structures. While, in principle, the intraphase conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy, and their initial and boundary conditions can be written, the cost of detailed fluid flow and heat transfer analysis with explicit treatment of these internal structures with complex geometry and irregular shape often is prohibitive, if not impossible. In most engineering applications, all that is required is to capture the essential features of the system and to express the flow and temperature field in terms of local volume-averaged quantities while sacrificing some of the details. The present study is an attempt to achieve this goal by applying time averaging after local volume averaging.Local volume averaging of conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy for a multiphase system yields equations in terms of local volume-averaged products of density, velocity, energy, stresses, and field forces, together with interface transfer integrals. These averaging relations are subject to the following length scale restrictions:
dℓL,