The intervalley X6→Γ6, L6 scattering time in GaAs measured by ultrafast pump-probe infrared absorption spectroscopy

A direct measurement of the dynamics of electrons in the X₆ valley for a GaAs crystal by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy is reported for the first time. IR picosecond probe pulses were used to monitor the growth and decay of the population in the X₆ valley subsequent to excitation by a 527 nm pump pulse. The intervalley X₆→Γ₆, L₆ scattering time t_x of 0.70 ± 0.50 ps is determined and the crossection for the X₆→X₇ transition is estimated to be 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm².     

Disinfection of wastewaters: high-energy electron vs gamma irradiation

A study was undertaken to examine the sensitivity of a wastewater population of coliphage, total coliforms and total flora present in raw sewage and secondary effluent after irradiating with similar doses delivered by a high-energy electron beam and y -radiation. The electron beam study was conducted on a large scale at the Virginia Key Wastewater Treatment Plant, Miami, Fla. The facility is equipped with a 1.5 MeV, 50 mA electron accelerator, with a wastewater flow rate of 8 ls⁻¹. Concurrent y-radiation studies were conducted at laboratory scale using a 5000 Ci, ⁶⁰Co y -source. Three logs reduction of all three test organisms were observed at an electron beam dose of 500 krads, while at least four logs reduction were observed at the same dose utilizing the y-source.     

辐射化学基础理论研究现状 Ⅰ.初级辐解产物

本文着重于辐射作用于物质最初生成的产物,包括激发态的离子与分子,能量超过热能的次级电子等的反应以及电荷和激发能的转移,并试图论述它们的最新发展。     

Role of Chiral Configuration in the Photoinduced Interaction of D- and L-Tryptophan with Optical Isomers of Ketoprofen in Linked Systems

The study of the L- and D-amino acid properties in proteins and peptides has attracted considerable attention in recent years, as the replacement of even one L-amino acid by its D-analogue due to aging of the body is resulted in a number of pathological conditions, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. A recent trend is using short model systems to study the peculiarities of proteins with D-amino acids. In this report, the comparison of the excited states quenching of L- and D-tryptophan (Trp) in a model donor–acceptor dyad with (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen (KP-Trp) was carried out by photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Quenching of the Trp excited states, which occurs via two mechanisms: prevailing resonance energy transfer (RET) and electron transfer (ET), indeed demonstrates some peculiarities for all three studied configurations of the dyad: (R,S)-, (S,R)-, and (S,S)-. Thus, the ET efficiency is identical for (S,R)- and (R,S)-enantiomers, while RET differs by 1.6 times. For (S,S)-, the CIDNP coefficient is almost an order of magnitude greater than for (R,S)- and (S,R)-. To understand the source of this difference, hyperpolarization of (S,S)-and (R,S)- has been calculated using theory involving the electron dipole–dipole interaction in the secular equation.     

Induction of DNA-double-strand breaks by auger electrons from 99mTc complexes with DNA-binding ligands

The potential of certain Auger electron emitting nuclides for systemic radiotherapeutic applications has recently gained much attention. In particular, the ability of several nuclides, including 111In, 125I, and 123I, to induce DNA double-strand breaks (dsb), a good indicator of cytotoxicity, has been extensively studied. However, this ability has never previously been shown experimentally for 99mTc, which, besides the well-known gamma radiation that is used for diagnostic applications, also emits an average of 1.1 conversion electrons and 4 Auger or Coster-Kronig electrons per decay. Owing to the short range of Auger electrons, the radionuclide needs to be located very close to the DNA for dsb to occur. We synthesized two cationic 99mTcI-tricarbonyl complexes with pendant DNA binders, pyrene and anthraquinone. The X-ray crystal structures of the two complexes could be elucidated. Linear dichroism and UV/Vis spectroscopy revealed that the complex with pyrene intercalates DNA with a stability constant, K, of 1.1 x 10(6) M(-1), while the analogous complex with anthraquinone interacts with DNA in a groove-binding mode and has an affinity value of K=8.9 x 10(4) M(-1). We showed with phiX174 double-stranded DNA that the corresponding 99mTc complexes induce a significant amount of dsb, whereas non-DNA-binding [TcO4]- and nonradioactive Re compounds did not. These results indicate that the Auger electron emitter 99mTc can induce dsb in DNA when decaying in its direct vicinity and this implies potential for systemic radiotherapy with 99mTc complexes.     

X射线及低能γ光子在金属箔透射面的光致电子发射产额

采用改进的密立根光电流测量法,在透射方向测量了＾２４１Ａｍ放射源的Ｘ射线及低能γ光子在透过不同厚度的Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｔａ及Ｗ箔时光致电子发射的产额。结果表明：光致电子发射产额在样品厚度范围内随箔厚的增加而减少;在高原子序数材料中将产生更多的光致电子发射。提出了“射程层贡献”模型,以该模型为基础建立的计算方法所得结果与实验值间相对误差平均约为１０％。     

Coinage Metals in the Nanometer Length Scale

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-stabilized gold organosol in toluene has been prepared by using a two-phase (water-toluene) extraction of AuCl₄^- followed by its reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of the surfactant, CPC. The surfactant-stabilized gold nanoparticles were exploited to examine their optical properties when exposed to various solvent systems by measuring the changes in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrum.     

Diffraction field of tightly focused laser beams and its influence to laser accelerator

In this paper, we have studied the dynamic characteristics of relativistic electron injected into stationary intense vacuum laser fields. We found the dynamic trajectories can basically be classified as three categories, namely Inelastic Scattering (IS), Capture and Acceleration Scenario (CAS) and Penetrate into Axial Region and Move (PARM) trajectory. The physical mechanism as to the three kinds of electrons have been examined. In particular, the PARM trajectory which we presented in this paper is different from the CAS and IS trajectory which we had already found in our previous work. We will show the PARM stems from the strong diffraction effect of a tightly focused laser field. In addition, the initial condition for the three kinds of electrons to emerge were detailed investigated. It has been found that there are four factors which chiefly decide the appearance of the three kinds of dynamics trajectories, namely the laser beam width w₀ and intensity a₀, the electrons incident angle θ and initial transversal momentum p_ti. The implication of the PARM electrons to the planned vacuum laser accelerators is illustrated.     

The effects of applying electric fields on the mass spectrometric sampling of positive and negative ions from a flame at atmospheric pressure

Flames are plasmas, because they contain free electrons and both positive and negative ions. The concentrations of ions in a flat flame, burning at 1 bar, have been measured by continuously sampling the hot (2400 K) gas into a mass spectrometer at low pressure. The voltage, Δ?, between the metallic burner and the plate holding the metallic sampling nozzle was varied; also, the flame was seeded with an alkali metal and doped with much larger quantities (mole fraction ?1.7%) of chlorine. Currents of ions such as K⁺ and Cl⁻ were measured with the mass spectrometer for different Δ? and indicated that the sampling nozzle repels free electrons, when it is at a negative potential with respect to the burner (Δ? < 0); consequently the nozzle is then covered by a cathodic sheath of positive ions. Likewise, when Δ? ? 0, the inlet orifice is covered by charged species from the plasma, forming an anodic sheath, from which some electrons reach the nozzle; also some positive and negative ions follow them and so leave the sample. Because the sampled gas is accelerated to a Mach number of unity on entering the inlet orifice, some ions have enough momentum to pass through both a sheath and the entrance hole into the mass spectrometer. The measurements enabled the non-uniform, electric potential between the burner and the plate housing the sampling nozzle to be sketched. The thicknesses of the sheaths were also measured; a cathodic sheath of positive ions is much thicker than an anodic plasma sheath. Also, for Δ? between zero and ∼+30 V, the sheath around the inlet orifice is at its thinnest and the current detected for positive ions a maximum. This is when quantitative measurements of concentrations should be made for positive or negative ions. This study reveals the importance of the electron concentration, the diameter of the inlet orifice, the presence of a halogen, and Δ?, for determining the thicknesses of these sheaths, which do affect the sampling of ions. With chlorine in the flame, the equilibrium: H + C1⁻ = e⁻ + HC1 is sufficiently fast to be maintained, whilst the sampled gas passes through the inlet orifice. This equilibrium usually freezes at some point during the sample’s subsequent, supersonic expansion into the first vacuum chamber; freezing temperatures were deduced. Also the additional cooling of a sample by heat transfer to the sampling nozzle was estimated. It can be difficult to measure accurately the concentration of a negative ion in a flame, because negative ions, unlike positive ones, are often lost during sampling by participating with free electrons in such a chemical equilibrium, which shifts while the sample is cooled.