Nanotechnology‐based wastewater treatment

Water contamination is a global challenge impacting both the environment and human health with significant economic and social costs. The growing scarcity of usable water resources requires effective treatment of wastewater. In this context, developing cheaper, safer and more efficient wastewater treatment technologies are the need of the hour. One promising approach that several studies have reported success has been the usage of nanomaterials in water and waste water management. The rapid progress of research in nanomaterial sciences has shown their growing potential; however, there has not been a great amount of information available on their implementation. This review focuses on developments in nanotechnology that hold strong potential for wastewater treatment. The review covers key techniques in nanomaterial‐based water treatments including adsorption, filtration and photocatalysis with recent examples showing how to improve their properties and efficiencies according to the need.     

对氨基苯甲酸生产废水的树脂吸附预处理

采用超高交联吸附树脂处理芳香两性化合物对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)生产废水,通过静态吸附、动态吸附-脱附实验,研究确定了最佳的吸附-脱附工艺条件。结果表明,在常温和2 BV/h的吸附流量条件下,原废水不用调节pH值,直接经JX-101树脂吸附处理20 BV后,CODC r可从6 000 mg/L左右降至700 mg/L左右,CODC r去除率达88%以上,PABA的吸附去除率达99%以上。采用1 BV 8%氨水溶液 1 BV 4%氨水溶液 2 BV水作脱附剂,在313 K脱附温度和1 BV/h脱附流量的条件下,树脂脱附性能良好。该工艺简单,运行稳定,操作简便,可回收有用物质,有望实现工业化。     

天然气脱汞吸附剂的制备及其性能评价

天然气中含汞会对天然气的开发及使用带来危害，实验采用固定床吸附法脱除天然气中的汞。实验以Al₂O₃和活性炭复合颗粒为载体，通过浸渍法负载S、CuS和CuS _x 多组分活性物，制备了天然气脱汞吸附剂，考察了制备工艺条件的影响。采用X射线衍射检测（XRD）与扫描电镜（SEM）对活性物负载情况进行了表征。结果表明，在载体上成功负载了CuS和S，其中CuS质量分数为12.80%，总S质量分数为8.32%。以含汞空气模拟含汞天然气，考察了进气口汞含量、停留时间对脱汞吸附剂脱汞效果的影响。结果表明，脱汞剂处理汞含量为300μg/m³的天然气，停留时间为1s时，出口汞含量为24.99μg/m³，已达到工业天然气要求。当停留时间为2s、进气口汞含量达到600μg/m³时，经脱汞剂脱汞后，出口汞含量为18.92μg/m³，达到小于28μg/m³要求。脱汞吸附剂的汞容量达到6.36%。     

Superparamagnetic polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan/Fe3O4 electrospun nanofibers as effective U(VI) adsorbents

Magnetoactive electrospun fibrous membranes consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), chitosan (CS) and pre-fabricated, double-layer oleic acid-coated magnetite nanoparticles (OA.OA.Fe₃O₄) were fabricated and evaluated as new adsorbent materials for the removal and recovery of uranium (U(VI)) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption has been investigated by batch-type experiments and the solid material has been characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM/EDX) and vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) measurements prior and after uranium adsorption. The experimental adsorption data were found to be well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The results indicate that PVP/CS/OA.OA.Fe₃O₄ fibrous adsorbents exhibit good adsorption properties towards U(VI) in aqueous solutions, achieving a q_max value of 0.77 mol kg⁻¹ (183.3 mg g⁻¹) at pH 6.0. The experiments regarding the regeneration and reuse of the magnetoactive adsorbents were carried out using Na₂CO₃, at pH ~11. After four cycles, the percentage relative adsorption remained stable (~100%) whereas the desorption percentage decreased from 31.9% to 21.0%. Generally, the presented results demonstrate that the incorporation of the Fe₃O₄ NPs has a positive effect on the adsorption efficiency of U(VI) from aquatic environments.     

基于13X沸石分子筛/MgCl_2的复合吸附剂性能实验研究

复合吸附剂的吸附性能是吸附制冷循环过程中的一个重要参数,基于测试整体成型复合吸附剂吸附性能的需要,本文设计搭建了一种整体成型吸附剂性能测试装置,对复合吸附剂MgCl_2-13X进行了吸附性能测试实验。结果表明:该实验装置中吸附床外侧底部的温度变化速率较接近吸附床内部底部吸附剂的温度变化速率,二者温度变化速率相差0.01~1.9℃/min,整个吸附和脱附过程二者温度的平均值相差约3.24%,能够满足吸附剂性能测试实验的要求。吸附剂性能测试实验及电镜下吸附剂的微观结构表明:浸泡法制备的复合吸附剂的吸附性能与MgCl_2溶液的浓度有关,MgCl_2能够改善13X沸石分子筛的吸附性能,本实验测得当MgCl_2溶液的浓度为15%时所制得复合吸附剂MX3性能最优,其最大吸附量为0.32 g/g,最大吸附速率0.59 g/min,相比单一吸附剂13X沸石分子筛提高了20%。     

农业废弃物作为吸附剂去除水中重金属研究

农业废弃物主要由纤维素和木质素组成,是一种潜在的重金属吸附剂。文中归纳了几种农业废弃物吸附剂及其改性方法,阐述了改性农业废弃物吸附重金属的机理,讨论了pH、重金属离子初始浓度、吸附剂用量、反应温度等因素对改性农业废弃物吸附能力的影响,并展望了改性农业废弃物的应用前景。     

金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）用于气态轻烃的高效分离研究进展

气态轻烃（C₁～C₃）如甲烷、乙烯、丙烯分别作为应用最广的清洁燃料和大宗化工产品,在国民经济中占据重要的地位。然而,在其生产过程中广泛存在着分离与提纯能耗较高的问题。金属有机骨架材料（MOFs）作为第三代新型多孔材料,近年来在轻烃分离领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了MOFs用于气态轻烃分离的现状和机理,总结了本文作者课题组针对不同轻烃产物的分离要求,对MOFs进行了精确的孔径调控、配体功能化修饰、构筑吸附位点、调变柔性结构“开口压力”等,实现了多种气态轻烃组分的高效分离。最后,针对低碳烃工业分离过程中存在的关键问题,对MOFs材料的吸附分离机理进行了深入分析,以及MOFs工业化应用所面临的结构稳定性与分离工艺匹配等进行了展望。     

多壁碳纳米管负载FeS2的制备及脱汞性能分析

采用硝酸铁与硫脲在溶剂热反应条件下制备FeS₂,利用物理浸渍法将FeS₂负载至多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）上,借助扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X光电子能谱（XPS）等分析测试手段对制备样品的结构特性进行探究,通过固定床反应器研究模拟烟气氛围下吸附剂对烟气中单质汞的吸附特性。实验考察了不同FeS₂负载量、烟气初始汞浓度、床层温度以及O₂、NO和SO₂对吸附剂脱汞效率的影响。结果表明,制备出的FeS₂分散性较好,呈球状晶体,表面均匀覆盖着MWCNTs,成团簇状。当负载量为10%、反应温度为70℃时,FeS₂/MWCNTs的吸附效果最好,最高脱除效率能达到100%,60min后脱除效率仍有80.3%。TPD脱附曲线和XPS分析结果进一步表明烟气中的Hg⁰被氧化成Hg²⁺以HgS的形式附着在吸附剂表面,证实吸附剂以化学吸附为主。此外,汞脱除效率随初始汞浓度的增加而降低,汞吸附容量却随之增加,60min最高能达到5.1μg/g。酸性气体NO和SO₂的存在,占据了吸附剂表面的活性点位,不利于Hg⁰的吸附,但低浓度NO对吸附剂的整体效果影响不大,抗NO性能较好。     

Catalytic conversion of MTBE to biodegradable chemicals in contaminated water

The behavior of different acid zeolites in the hydrolysis at room temperature of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was studied with reference to the possibility of its conversion to more biodegradable products in underground water contaminated by MTBE. The effect of the structure of the zeolite and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio was analyzed. The results indicate that acid H-MFI and H-BEA zeolites are effective in both adsorption and hydrolysis of MTBE and may be applied for both in situ underground water remediation and as protection barrier for wells or leaking tanks. However, other zeolites (mordenite and faujasite) result completely inactive. Furthermore, contrary to what was expected, the increase of the Si/Al ratio promotes the reactivity which is determined by the resistance to diffusion of MTBE in the pores of zeolites and the resistance of back-diffusion of the reaction products.     

热解煤气吸附动力学研究

针对热解煤气变压吸附提氢过程,开展了CO₂、CO、N₂、CH₄等主要杂质气体在不同吸附剂上的吸附热力学研究,测量了各种杂质气体在不同温度下的吸附等温线,并通过计算获得了相应的吸附焓。结果发现,温度增加导致CO₂、CO、N₂、CH₄吸附能力减弱,吸附压力的增大导致CO₂、CO、N₂、CH₄吸附量增加。不同吸附剂对CO₂吸附能力的顺序:炭分子筛＞活性炭＞铜吸附剂,不同吸附剂对CO吸附能力的顺序:铜吸附剂＞炭分子筛＞活性炭,随着吸附压力的增大,N₂和CH₄吸附焓为定值,不随吸附量变化而变化。