纸浆漂白废水中有机氯化物的排放与控制

本文概述了纸浆漂白废水的特性，以及影响其有机氯化物发生量的因素。     

Catalysts based in cerium oxide for wet oxidation of acrylic acid in the prevention of environmental risks

Acrylic acid is a refractory compound for the non-catalytic wet oxidation (WO) process and can seriously damage the environment when released in industrial effluents. Oxidation of acrylic acid by catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) was studied in slurry conditions in a high-pressure batch reactor at 200 °C and 15 bar of oxygen partial pressure. Several solid cerium-based catalysts prepared in our laboratory were used (Ag/Ce, Co/Ce, Mn/Ce, CeO, MnO) and evaluated in terms of activity, selectivity and stability. Mn/Ce shows the higher activity in 2 h with 97.7% reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) followed by: MnO(95.5%)>Ag/Ce(85.0%)>Co/Ce(65.1%)>CeO(61.2%). Attempts were also carried out to analyze the influence of different Mn/Ce molar ratios. High percentages of Mn lead to practically total organic carbon concentration (TOC) abatements while low ratios lead to the formation of non-oxidizable compounds. Acrylic acid was readily degraded by all the catalysts pointing out the high importance of using a catalytic process. pH was an indicator of the reaction pathway and acetic acid was found as the major reaction intermediate compound; however it is completely oxidized after 2 h with exception for Co/Ce, CeO and MnO. Carbon adsorption and leaching of metals were poorly found for Mn/Ce indicating high stability. The catalyst microstructure after the reaction was analyzed and formation of whiskers of β-MnO₂ (or less probably MnOOH) were observed at the catalyst surface. Therefore, Mn/Ce revealed to be a promising catalyst for the treatment of effluents containing acrylic acid; nevertheless, its commercialization depends on further research.     

内陆核电厂选址阶段水资源约束条件指标体系

简要介绍了构建内陆核电厂选址阶段水资源约束条件指标体系的原则和基本思路,从水资源配置与管理要求、取水水源条件、低放射性废液排放受纳水域水文条件、水资源安全4个方面构建了水资源约束条件指标体系。应用实例分析结果表明,水资源约束条件指标体系可作为内陆核电厂厂址选择的约束条件,可为选址阶段解决内陆核电建设与运行可能面临的水资源问题提供技术依据。     

我国内陆核电发展过程中水资源安全相关问题

核电作为一种清洁能源,在我国的能源结构调整和节能减排中起着举足轻重的作用,但其潜在的放射性污染会对水资源安全构成一定的威胁。由于自然环境和社会因素的巨大差异,内陆核电的水资源安全问题更加凸显。在简要介绍了核电站运行原理及安全设计后,阐述了国外内陆核电的状况。从放射性液态流出物污染、冷却水污染和硼污染三方面分析了内陆核电站运行对水资源安全的影响以及我国的控制措施。从水资源管理思路、水资源论证深度、水资源应急响应机制三个方面论述了我国内陆核电水资源管理中亟待加强的方面。     

造纸废水的混凝-水解-接触氧化处理技术

研究了以混凝、厌氧酸化、生物接触氧化一体化反应器处理含氯漂折护望洋兴叹，水力停留时间为15h时，整个系统CODCr、BOD5、AOX、毒性值去除率分别达88.1%、81%、98.4%、92%。混凝单元主要去除大分子氯代有机物；厌氧单元通过还原脱氯及酸性水解，使氯代有机物得到了基本的去除；好氧单元对CODCr有较高的去除率。红外光谱的分析结果表明：废水中既有木素又有纤维素和半纤维素，虽然漂白废水厌氧处理技术不如好氧处理，但厌氧、好氧联合处理可有效地提高处理效果。     

造纸工业漂白E段废水脱色处理

本文将微电解技术应用于漂白E段废水的脱色处理,并讨论其影响因素.实验结果表明:在曝气条件下,调节进水pH值为3,控制反应停留时间20min,调节反应后中和沉淀pH值都为10,废水色度的去除率达到90%,微电解处理可以获得较好的脱色效果.     

Counter-current Electrophoresis

Abstract

Historical development, principal operation, different ways of experimental realization, and typical examples of application of countercurrent electrophoresis are reviewed. The separation process is principally capable of being applied to all types of ions, as far as any difference is shown in their ionic behavior. Different types of columns can be adapted to varying amounts of substance from approximately 10^?6 mole up to several moles (in the laboratory scale). The production of high purity components and the use of the column as an absolute ion filter are further possible applications.     

Management of thiosalts in mill effluents by chemical oxidation or buffering in the lime neutralization process

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the removal or management of thiosalts within the lime-neutralization process, to prevent or minimize the adverse effects of thiosalts that cause delayed acidity to downstream environment. The oxidizing reagent hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the pH stabilizing (buffering) reagents carbon dioxide (CO₂), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were examined for removal and management of thiosalts, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined to be a proxy for thiosalts and was employed for their rapid assessment. The Target Level of thiosalts harmless to aquatic life was found to be 30 mg/L or less. The optimized lime-neutralization process required a pH level of 9.5–10 and aeration. Over-liming to pH levels >11 did not provide excess alkalinity, hardness, or a decrease in thiosalt levels.Addition of H₂O₂ to either the acid or lime-neutralized water at a molar H₂O₂:S₂O₃ ratio of 1–1.5 removed thiosalts to safe levels. About 10–15 min. at room temperature was ample time low temperatures slowed down the process but the dosages were not affected. Removal of thiosalts from 170 to 30 mg/L caused a decrease in pH from 9.6 to 6.5. Among the buffering reagents studied, both NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ provided adequate buffering and a stable pH of 7 to the lime-neutralized water; whereas CO₂ resulted in poor buffering and an unstable pH that remained below 6. In cold temperatures, NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ also outperformed CO₂ with higher alkalinity and hardness. Na₂CO₃ addition to lime neutralized water at pH 9.5 was found to be the most cost-effective option. Other methods could have niche applications, depending on seasonal variations and temperature.     

Highly stable Fe/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation

BACKGROUND: A highly stable Fe/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation has been studied using phenol as target pollutant. The catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of γ‐Al₂O₃ with an aqueous solution of Fe(NO₃)₃· 9H₂O. The influence of pH, temperature, catalyst and H₂O₂ doses, as well as the initial phenol concentration has been analyzed. RESULTS: The reaction temperature and initial pH significantly affect both phenol conversion and total organic carbon removal. Working at 50 °C, an initial pH of 3, 100 mg L^?1 of phenol, a dose of H₂O₂ corresponding to the stoichiometric amount and 1250 mg L^?1 of catalyst, complete phenol conversion and a total organic carbon removal efficiency close to 80% were achieved. When the initial phenol concentration was increased to 1500 mg L^?1, a decreased efficiency in total organic carbon removal was observed with increased leaching of iron that can be related to a higher concentration of oxalic acid, as by‐product from catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol. CONCLUSION: A laboratory synthesized γ‐Al₂O₃ supported Fe has shown potential application in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenolic wastewaters. The catalyst showed remarkable stability in long‐term continuous experiments with limited Fe leaching, < 3% of the initial loading. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

压水堆核电厂液态流出物排放量统计方法研究

本文主要针对压水堆核电厂液态流出物排放的除³H和¹⁴C外的其余核素,从监测核素的种类、核素的探测限,以及小于探测限测量结果的统计等方面,比较分析我国与欧美国家的取样监测和统计要求,提出合理可行的改进建议,以更好反映我国运行压水堆核电厂液态流出物的排放现状。