Relative reactivities of alkanes in multi-component catalytic cracking reactions

An experimental technique is discussed for measuring relative reactivities of alkanes in the catalytic cracking of multi-component hydrocarbon mixtures over a heterogeneous, Y-zeolitebased catalyst at 250–350 °C. With the technique, ca. 0.1 l of an alkane mixture is evaporated and contacted with a catalyst, after which the mixture of reaction products and the unreacted feed enters the chromatographic column and is immediately analyzed. The technique is used to measure relative reactivities of 21 alkanes in a single experiment. The principal results of these experiments are similar to the results of single-component cracking: alkane reactivity rapidly increases with the increase of the carbon number, and methyl-branched alkanes are more reactive than linear alkanes. However, the variations in alkane reactivities as a function of their molecular weight and skeleton structure differ very significantly between single- and multicomponent experiments.     

A comparison of the reactivity of various metal oxides with SO3

Various metal oxides were reacted with SO₃ to compare their reactivity as potential adsorbents of sulfur oxides from flue gas. ZnO was found to be the most reactive of the eleven studied, including two mixtures, a fly ash and a calcined oil shale. It was found that a scanning electron microscope can be used to assess the reactivity of the oxide based on a rough estimation of internal pore structure from the micrograph of the particles.     

Exact Solutions of Two Point Time Correlations on Point Reactor Kinetics with Gaussian Reactivity Fluctuations

Station blackout is reported to be a sequence that would likely be a significant contributor to the accident risk at a boiling water reactor (BWR). The occurrence frequency of station blackout is evaluated in probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) to be 6×10^?6 per reactor year at Limerick and less than 10^?7 per reactor year at BWR in Japan.

This report describes an analytical study of thermal-hydraulic and radionuclide behavior during a postulated severe accident of station blackout at a reference BWR plant. The analytical approach was shown in both of hand calculation and the THALES/ART code calculation to better understand wide physical and chemical phenomena in the processes of severe accidents.

We evaluated timing of key events, core cooling and core temperature, reactor vessel failure, debris temperature, containment pressure, and release and deposition of radionuclide in the containment. The THALES and CORCON models on the chemical reactions in the core-concrete interaction lead to great differences in the increasing rate of containment pressure and the release rate of fission products from the core debris.     

Maillard反应合成香味料机理的研究

文章通过一定花生粕蛋白水解液在葡萄糖(6%)∶氨基酸=1∶1,VB1=0.8%,VC=0.5%,pH5.5,T=180℃条件下,反应60min,所得挥发性成分的分离和检测,进一步从机理方面探讨Maillard反应合成香味料的模式。     

Monomer sequence length distributions of hard segments of linear segmented poly(urethane–urea)s 1: chromatographic study

An attempt was made to determine, by the chromatographic method, monomer sequence length distributions of the hard segments in segmented poly(urethane–urea)s (PURs) synthesised in a two-step process: (1) a prepolymer formation reaction of an excess of methylenebis(4-phenylisocyanate) (MDI) with poly(tetramethyleneoxide) (PTMO) and (2) a polymerisation reaction of the prepolymer containing unreacted MDI with ethylenediamine, giving PUR. The monomer sequence length of the hard segment was found to become longer and its distribution to broaden as the initial concentration ratio of MDI to PTMO increased. This result is attributable to an increase of the concentration ratio of the unreacted MDI to the prepolymer, leading to gelation of the polymer solution. By comparing the chromatographic results with the theoretical data calculated in the simple case of the equal reactivity of the reactants in the prepolymerisation and polymerisation reactions, respectively, the existence of unequal reactivities of the reactants in both reactions, is predicted.     

New aspects of unsaturated polyester resin synthesis. Part I: modelling and simulation of reactant sequence length distributions in stepwise polymerization

The quantification of the relationship between physical properties of polymeric products and the sequence distribution of comonomer units in a polymer chain is not an easy task. In this work, detailed consideration is given to the sequence lengths and sequence length distributions to be expected in unsaturated polyesters formed by the reaction of maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride and a diol, a reaction which gives rise to the low molecular weight precursors used in unsaturated polyester resins. Monte Carlo methods are used to explore the effects of rate constants, reactant stoichiometry and extent of reaction on the microstructure of the chain. Attention is also given to structural asymmetry of the diol component and the influence of the dynamics of the ring opening of the anhydride coreactants on the products. The approach is generic and can be readily adapted for any copolymerization which proceeds by a stepwise kinetic mechanism. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

A Transient Modal Analysis of a BWR Instability Event

To solve the time dependent neutron diffusion equation a modal method, based on the expansion of the neutronic flux in terms of the dominant Lambda modes of a static configuration of the reactor is presented. This method is used to analyse transients of a nuclear power reactor where an instability event can be developed. A simulation of a transient with the same conditions given for the case 9 of Ringhals stability benchmark has been analysed. It is shown that with these conditions an out of phase oscillation associated with the two first azimuthal modes can be developed. These results are corroborated using a power modal decomposition, using the local power distribution provided by RAMONA code. To complete the analysis, the modal feedback reactivities have been calculated to study the coupling mechanism among modes.     

Photosensitive polymers containing pendent chalcone moieties via oxyethylene group

Vinylchalcone derivatives were prepared by the reaction of the sodium salt of 4-hydroxychalcone with 2-chloroethanol, followed by esterfication of the hydroxy groups with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine as a base. The photosensitive monomers, 4-(methacryloyloxyethoxy)chalcone and its 4′-methyl and 4′-chloro-derivatives, have been homo- and copolymerized with p-nitrophenylmethacrylate under free radical conditions to give the copolymers containing different ratios of photosensitizer group. The photosensitivities of the polymeric chalcone derivatives were investigated through their photochemical reactions on exposure to UV light and measuring the changes in UV spectra before and after irradiation. The results of these measurements indicate that the insolubilization percentage, i.e. the rate of the double bond disappearance depends on the effects of (i) the time of exposure to UV light, (ii) the position of the substituent in the phenyl ring of the chalcone, (iii) the spacer between the active moiety and the polymer backbone, and (iv) the ratio of the photosensitizer group.     

压水堆中使用分立型铀、钍燃料组件的堆芯物理特性研究

通过对分立型铀、钍燃料组件 ,使用在秦山 30 0MW电功率压水堆核电厂中堆芯物理特性的探讨 ,寻找2 3 2 Th在PWR中可能利用的途径。为此 ,特采用铀、钍燃料组件分立的双进料系统的装卸料方法 ,其堆芯寿期分别为铀组件 3个循环 ;钍组件 1 0个循环。并以秦山核电厂为参考电厂 ,进行了 1 0个循环的燃耗计算 ,每一循环装料时均有 4个钍组件进堆。计算结果表明 :到第 1 0循环寿期末 ,堆芯中 40个钍组件所含的2 3 3 U总量已达到 2 1 2 6kg ,可直接参与堆芯的链式反应 ,从而达到利用2 3 2 Th的目的。并可同全铀组件堆芯比较中看出 ,分立型铀、钍组件混装堆芯每一循环 (第 1 0循环后 )可少装 2 0 0多kg2 3 5U ,这样就为钍 铀燃料循环展示了光明的前景。当然如果要达到实际应用 ,仍有许多工程技术问题亟待解决