Eye-strain and changes in accommodation of the eye and in visual evoked potential following quantified visual load

The measurements were made of the muscular contractions and relaxations of accommodation (infrared optometer) and of visual evoked potential (VEP) (photic stimulation) before and after one hour's visual load, checking calculations (1800 questions/hour and 900 questions/hour). The results showed that the relaxation time in accommodation lengthened and the latency of the positive wave appearing at about 100 ms in VEP increased with the increase in visual load. In addition, the complaint rate for eye-strain was higher in the group given heavier visual work. In this group, there was no significant difference in amplitude of VEP before and after the visual task. The difference in the relaxation time before and after the visual task tended to be negatively correlated to the difference in amplitude of VEP and positively related to that in the latency. In the group given lighter visual work there were significant differences in the latency and the amplitude of VEP before and after the visual task, neither were correlated to the difference in the relaxation time. These results suggest that not only peripheral hypofunction but also the decrease of centrencephalic activity level may be responsible for the development of eye-strain caused by visual tasks.     

Simulation of industrial man-machine systems

In the design of large industrial processes, ergonomics designers can benefit from the use of computer simulation of man/machine systems when on-site studies are too risky or costly and laboratory studies alone have questionable generalization. This paper provides an illustration of this methodology for a hot strip mill in the steel industry and a demonstration of ergonomic design applications. A special simulation package which was developed for small military systems was adapted to this large industrial case and applied to an older manually-controlled mill of the 1930s. The simulation model was then modified to reflect automation and manning changes found in the mills built in the 1950s and the simulation results verified the actual performance differences between these mills. Experiments in further design and manning changes were made in order to demonstrate the usefulness of simulation as a design-aiding technique.     

Experimental validation of a resilient monitoring and control system

Complex, high performance, engineering systems have to be closely monitored and controlled to ensure safe operation and protect public from potential hazards. One of the main challenges in designing monitoring and control algorithms for these systems is that sensors and actuators may be malfunctioning due to malicious or natural causes. To address this challenge, this paper addresses a resilient monitoring and control (ReMAC) system by expanding previously developed resilient condition assessment monitoring systems and Kalman filter-based diagnostic methods and integrating them with a supervisory controller developed here. While the monitoring and diagnostic algorithms assess plant cyber and physical health conditions, the supervisory controller selects, from a set of candidates, the best controller based on the current plant health assessments. To experimentally demonstrate its enhanced performance, the developed ReMAC system is then used for monitoring and control of a chemical reactor with a water cooling system in a hardware-in-the-loop setting, where the reactor is computer simulated and the water cooling system is implemented by a machine condition monitoring testbed at Idaho National Laboratory. Results show that the ReMAC system is able to make correct plant health assessments despite sensor malfunctioning due to cyber attacks and make decisions that achieve best control actions despite possible actuator malfunctioning. Monitoring challenges caused by mismatches between assumed system component models and actual measurements are also identified for future work.     

Thermal accommodation coefficients between polyatomic gas molecules and soot in laser-induced incandescence experiments

Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence demands detailed knowledge of the thermal accommodation coefficient, but to date little is understood about the gas/surface scattering physics underlying this parameter in LII experiments. This paper presents a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation that models polyatomic molecules as rigid rotors and soot as crystalline graphite. A Monte Carlo integration over incident gas molecular speeds and surface atomic vibrational phases yields simulated thermal accommodation coefficients that match the experimentally-measured values. The MD simulation is then extended to assess how α changes with gas and soot temperature, and finally to define a Cercignani–Lampis–Lord scattering kernel that will form a boundary condition in future Monte Carlo simulations of heat and mass transfer between soot aggregates and the surrounding gas.     

Refractive lens exchange for presbyopia

True presbyopia correction still remains one of the main challenges amongst eye professionals. Many corrective techniques exist including bifocal spectacle correction, monovision techniques both with corrective lenses and surgery, multifocal corneal excimer laser and refractive lens exchange with either accommodating or multifocal lenses. Refractive lens exchange was first described more than 10 years ago and has become more accepted in recent years with advancements in lens technology and improvements in surgical techniques. This article reviews developments in this field and current available lens options in the treatment of presbyopia.     

The impact of orthokeratology lens wear on binocular vision and accommodation: A short-term prospective study

Purpose

To investigate the effects of short-term orthokeratology (OK) on accommodation and binocular visual function in young adults.

文化心理结构与地理图式

认为存在着由地理环境因素生成的地域文化心理结构。由此提出地理图式的概念，并结合实例进行了较详尽的阐释。     

双眼视轴集散与晶体调节的联动反射及合象式近视防治仪

双眼合象法是一种较有效的青少年近视防治方法。本文借助光学方法验证了双眼视轴集散与晶状体调节联动的生理反射的存在，并利用这一原理研制了一种合象式近视防治仪。与之前的同类近视防治仪比较，该仪器在结构与功能上均有较大改进，完全符合视觉生理的要求。文中还初步讨论了合象式近视防治仪的疗效。     

Depth perception and induced accommodation responses while watching high spatial resolution two-dimensional TV images

Recently, TVs with a wide field of view, high spatial resolution, and 8k ultra high-definition have started test broadcasting in Japan. People who viewed the test broadcasting programs often commented that they felt rich depth perception from 8k scenes. Rich depth perceptions from two-dimensional 8k broadcasting have not been confirmed experimentally. Here, we identified 8k UHDTV scenes in which viewers perceive rich depth perception by conducting an experiment with continuous subjective evaluation of depth perception. Then we measured viewers' accommodation with wavefront sensors and demonstrated that accommodation responses were induced by some 8k UHDTV scenes providing objective evidence for viewers feeling rich depth perception from two-dimensional 8k UHDTV images. We successfully confirmed experimentally that rich depth perception can exist while viewing two-dimensional 8k UHDTV scenes and demonstrated that high quality motion parallax relies on monocular depth cues for perceiving rich depth sensations.     

Influence on visual function by a stereoscopic TV programme with binocular liquid crystal shutter and Hi-Vision TV display

Influence on visual functions by field sequential stereoscopic Hi-Vision TV programme with a liquid crystal shutter were investigated in 24 subjects. Ocular alignment, fusional amplitude, AC/A ratio, stereoacuity, accommodation and pupil size were measured before and after the visual load. Symptoms related to asthenopia were also examined. No significant difference were found, although two aged subjects showed large changes in a few of these functions. This type of 3-D display may not be hazardous to visual functions, although further study may be required for aged or visually handicapped people.