Systematic packaging design tools integrating functional and environmental consequences on product life cycle: Case studies on laundry detergent and milk

This study presents systematic packaging design tools integrating functional and environmental consequences on product life cycle. To design packaging for sustainability, the trade-offs between functional and environmental aspects of packaging throughout the product life cycle should be considered. However, it is difficult for packaging designers to understand the overall trade-offs because the extent of the design consequences on the entire life cycle of packaging and its contents is unclear. We developed two tools for packaging design: the Life Cycle Association Matrix (LCAM) and the Function Network Diagram (FND). The following three steps, based on literature reviews and interviews with industrial experts, were applied. Firstly, we listed the product functions and design variables related to the functions as the attributes allocated to the product life cycle. Secondly, the attributes were connected appropriately based on causal relationships. Lastly, we identified the factors to support decision making in the packaging design procedure. As a result, the LCAM depicts the design consequences on the life cycle, and the FND determines the stakeholders affected by the design consequences. Two case studies were demonstrated to analyze the trade-offs by using our tools. In the case studies, a liquid laundry detergent bottle and a milk carton were redesigned. The tools identified the design consequences and stakeholders affected by the redesign of the usability and protective function for the detergent and milk cases, respectively. The results showed the significance of understanding the design consequences on the product life cycle by integrating the functional and environmental aspects.     

关于变压器二次额定电压的计算

推导了变压器二次负载电压的计算公式,建议由此公式代替以往原理书中惯用的近似公式。利用此公式绘制和分析了不同功率因数额定负载时的相量轨迹图。     

A Class of Band-limited Chip Waveforms for DS-CDMA Systems

The conventional frequency domain square-root raised cosine （Nyquist） chip waveform has much poorer anti-multiple-access-interference （anti-MAI） capability than the optimal band-limited waveform in direct sequence code division multiple access （DS-CDMA） systems. However, the digital implementation of the optimal chip pulse is very costly due to the slow decaying rate of the time waveform. In addition, its eye diagram and envelope uniformity arc worse than those of the Nyquist pulse for a wide range of roll-off factors, which will incur performance degradation due to timing jitters and post non-linear processing. In this paper, based on an elementary density function of a second order polynomial, a class of second order continuous pulses is proposed. From this class of pulses, we ban find some members have faster decaying rate, bigger eye opening, more uniform envdope and stronger anti-MAI capability than the Nyquist waveform. The normalized-bandwidth-pulse-shape-factor product, the decaying rate of the tail of the time waveform, the opening of the eye diagram and the envelope uniformity of the second order continuous pulses are addressed in this paper which provides the basic information for the selection of the chip pulse for CDMA systems.     

Excel二次开发在模拟水氡观测中的应用

尝试对Excel工作表进行二次开发,将其应用到台站模拟水氡观测工作当中,可以自动计算出模拟水氡观测的标定、季检结果,需要作图的还可以自动作图,杜绝了人工计算产生的不必要误差,减轻了劳动强度,实现了观测资料的数字化存档,对台站模拟水氡观测日常工作具有很大帮助。经吉林省地震局多个台站使用,Excel工作表自动计算结果与人工计算结果两者完全相符,效果良好。     

《铁碳合金相图》的教学探究

本文对Fe-Fe3C相图和它的教学设计进行了全面分析,特别用简而易懂的5单7双3线9点方法对铁碳合金相图进行了详细的分析,使得原本枯燥难懂的理论变得形象生动。     

面向综合效益的城市充电网点规划研究

随着国家大力发展新能源汽车的政策,电动汽车和充电基础设施规模不断扩大,如何科学地规划充电网点成为亟待解决的问题。本文根据分期规划的原则,采用基于注意力机制的长短期记忆网络进行充电需求预测,使用量子粒子群优化算法进行近期充电网点选址定容,然后根据Voronoi图来划分远期充电站服务区域,从而建立了充电网点精准规划模型。通过对杭州市钱江世纪城区域进行验证,表明本文模型在科学规划充电网点的同时,能够实现电网、企业、用户的多方共赢。     

New methods of predicting dissimilar steel weld metal microstructures by Schaeffler Diagram

ＮｅｗｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｄｉｓｓｉｍｉｌａｒｓｔｅｅｌｗｅｌｄｍｅｔａｌｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｂｙＳｃｈａｅｆｆｌｅｒＤｉａｇｒａｍＺＨＡＮＧＨａｎｑｉａｎ；ＷＡＮＧＢａｏａｎｄＺＨＡＮＧＷｅｎｙｕｅ（ＴｈｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃ...     

一种新的分数阶Fourier时频图示法

分数阶Fourier（FRFT）是传统Fourier的广义形式。分数阶Fourie域（FRFD）是一个统一的时频变换域,分数阶Fourier变换是角度为口的时频面旋转。随着角度α从0逐渐增加到π/2,分数阶Fourier变换展示出信号从时域到频域的全过程。本文依据分数阶FOUrier变换的定义,随着角度α的变化给出了一种新的更为直观的分数阶Fourier的时频图示方法,以供读者参考。     

报纸零售机的设计

针对国内情况,设计一个能识别投入的硬币面额大小和数量的街头报纸零售机,该报纸零售机能根据投入的硬币面额大小和数量而确定是否送出报纸和找回多余的零钱。此报纸零售机全硬件设计,电路简单,功能稳定,可靠性强,有一定的应用价值。     

使用NetBeans IDE实现UML建模

NetBeans IDE是当前市场上最流行的、开源且免费的集成开发工具。使用NetBeans不仅可以开发Java程序,还提供了对UML的全面支持。利用NetBeans UML建模模块,可以创建八种类型的UML图,极大地方便了开发人员编写程序。本文首先介绍了NetBeans和UML的基本知识;其次着重介绍了如何在NetBeans IDE中实现UML建模;最后,通过创建一个酒店系统的用例图实例加深理解。