Vegetation Change in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands: Deviation from the Historical Cycle

Water-level change is integral to the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, and many studies document predictable relationships between vegetation and water level. However, anthropogenic stressors, such as invasive species, land-use change, and water-level stabilization, interact to shift the historical cycle (of native vegetation migration up- and down-slope) toward dominance by invasive Typha species. Knowing from earlier studies that water-level stabilization alters the historical vegetation cycle, we asked if similar shifts can occur where water levels are not stabilized. Using historical aerial photographs of three coastal wetlands (in Lake Michigan's Green Bay, Wisconsin), we determined that habitat dominated by Typha species has expanded to eliminate wet meadow habitat. Between 1974 and 1992, linear regressions showed strong, significant relationships of both meadow area (R² ≥ 0.894; p < 0.02) and marsh area (R² ≥ 0.784; p < 0.05) to water level in all three wetlands. In 2000, meadow area was below that predicted by the historical pattern due to the landward advance of marsh habitat during a year of decreasing water levels. In the same period, land use in the wetland watersheds converted from agriculture to urban. Urbanization and the replacement of native Typha latifolia by the invasive hybrid Typha xglauca may have overwhelmed the beneficial impact of water-level fluctuation. The documentation of vegetation shifts, as herein, is an essential step in the process of preserving and restoring ecological integrity.     

基于 CDMA 网络监测系统的研究

将CDMA2000作为无线频谱移动监测系统中数据传输的通道,为无线频谱移动监测系统提供实时的数据,它使得无线频谱移动监测系统更为方便和快捷地对系统内的各种资源进行管理     

基于DSP的无人机自主着舰识别算法

针对复杂海面环境造成的图像干扰变形给无人机着舰过程中人工标识的识别带来的困难,采用了一种基于仿射不变矩和支持向量机(SVM)的识别方法,首先采集各种变形下的适量标识样本,经过适当的预处理之后,提取其仿射不变矩,然后送入 SVM进行训练识别,并且给出了在 DSP 系统内基于上述流程的实现方法。实验表明,该方案对于图像在各种小幅度干扰变形下的识别率均达到了90%以上,平均每帧测试时间为170 ms,对于旋翼型无人机自主着舰具有一定的实用性。     

无人机中继协助的有限码长隐蔽通信

由于中长距离的无线隐蔽通信中信号发射功率较大,容易被监测者检测到,针对此问题该文提出无人机(UAV)中继协助的有限码长隐蔽传输方案。首先,根据无人机通信的信道模型,推导从发射机经过无人机中继到合法接收机的信噪比(SNR),得到隐蔽传输中断概率及吞吐量的表达式;然后,分析监测者的检测性能, 即KL(Kullback-Leibler)散度,并将其作为隐蔽通信的约束条件;最后,在此约束的条件下,联合优化发射机和中继的发射功率以及无人机的飞行高度,从而最大化隐蔽通信的吞吐量。仿真结果验证了系统的隐蔽性能,并且通过与缺少无人机协助的传统方案对比,揭示所提出的无人机中继隐蔽传输方案可以有效地降低监测者的KL散度。     

Application of distance sampling techniques for diving ducks on Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie

Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie are important migration staging areas for diving ducks including canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), redheads (Aythya americana), and lesser and greater scaup (Aythya affinis and Aythya marila). Starting in 1983, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) attempted to census diving ducks on the United States portion of Lake St. Clair throughout autumn migration; however, in 2010 the MDNR expanded the traditionally surveyed area to include all of Lake St. Clair and a portion of western Lake Erie. The idea of achieving a census over the expanded study area was unrealistic, and instead distance sampling techniques were adopted in an effort to generate statistically valid estimates of detection probabilities and abundances for diving ducks during spring and autumn migration. We found distance sampling techniques to be a viable option for estimating diving duck abundance as long as flock size is accounted for as a covariate affecting the detection function. Diving ducks were generally more abundant on our study area during autumn migration with a mean of 306,327 ducks/survey (SE = 40,729) compared to an average spring abundance of 91,053 ducks/survey (SE = 19,175). Peak abundance occurred on 20 November 2012 with an estimated 596,335 diving ducks on Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie. Ultimately, our methodology could be used to establish long-term, standardized data collection techniques and applied to conservation planning for waterfowl in the Great Lakes region.     

Line transect distance sampling in aerial surveys for double-crested cormorants in coastal regions of Lake Huron

Line transect distance sampling was employed in aerial surveys of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) along the coasts of Georgian Bay and the North Channel, Lake Huron. A double-observer method was used to estimate detection probability near the transect line (g(0) = 0.724). Detection of cormorants was not consistent but varied based on group size, location (water, land, flying), and season. Probability of detection in the area covered by the survey was often below 0.5. Incorporating both lack of detection on the flight line along with lack of detection over the covered area inherent in distance sampling provided defensible density estimates of free-ranging double-crested cormorants. Most cormorants were detected loafing on shore (land) among the many islands defining this area of the Lake Huron coast. Land detections exceeded the combined detections of birds on the water and flying. Density in 2004 ranged from a peak of 2.30 cormorants per km² (95% CI = 1.72–3.03) in late July to 1.21 cormorants per km² (95% CI = 0.78–1.70) in late August in the sampled areas extending from shore to approximately 20 km offshore. Aerial surveys employing distance sampling can be useful tools in monitoring the distribution and abundance of free-ranging double-crested cormorants and other waterbirds in the Laurentian Great Lakes.     

农村35kV架空线路的终勘与杆塔定位及实践

架空线路勘测设计关键在线路的终勘和杆塔定位,定位的质量,直接关系到线路的造价和施工,运行的方便与安全,是一项政策性很强的技术工作。     

架空送电线路中的GPS工程测量法

介绍了Leica GPS530在线路中的应用,并对结果进行了分析,同时对GPS测量遇到的一些问题进行了分析,提出了解决的办法。