Emergy account for biomass resource exploitation by agriculture in China

On the basis of Odum's ecological economic measure of emergy as embodied solar energy, a system account of biomass resource exploitation by agriculture in China 2004 is developed in this paper, which supplements a former study on corresponding long-term historical trends during 1978 to 2000 (Chen et al., 2006. Emergy-based analysis of the Chinese agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 115, 161–173). The aggregate fluxes and indicators for biomass resource exploitation in China 2004 are calculated and illustrated when compared with those for 2000 to elucidate the latest status of the Chinese agriculture as the exploitation sector for biomass resource. Data sources and algorithm are presented in detail as basic references for related analysis involving the ecological economy of biomass exploitation in agriculture.     

农业重组微生物生物安全研究进展

综述了近年来农业重组微生物的研究现状和进展 ,详细介绍农业重组微生物环境释放的监控方法以及对环境的冲击作用 ,对一些有关生物安全研究的热点问题进行了探讨     

Agricultural land-use change in Brazilian Amazônia between 1980 and 1995: Evidence from integrated satellite and census data

As cropland and pasture have replaced forest and cerrado in Brazilian Amazônia, concern has mounted over the effects of changing the biogeochemical and hydrological properties of one of the world's great storehouses of biomass and biodiversity. Although much recent effort has focused on the location, effects, and causes of deforestation and cerrado conversion, much less is known about the basin-wide spatial distribution and density of the land use following conversion for crops or pasture.In this paper, we use census and satellite records to develop maps of the distribution and abundance of major agricultural land uses across 4.5×10⁸ ha of Brazilian Amazônia in 1980 and 1995. Results indicate an overall expansion of 7.0×10⁶ ha in total agricultural area in Brazilian Amazônia between 1980 and 1995. The net change during this period is estimated for three different land-use types: croplands (an increase of 0.8×10⁶ ha), natural pastures (a decrease of 8.4×10⁶ ha), and planted pastures (an increase of 14.7×10⁶ ha). These estimates, the first spatially explicit quantifications of agricultural land-use activities in 1980 and 1995 across Brazilian Amazônia, are shown to be consistent with the results of applying a land use change and secondary regrowth model to published deforestation rates for the period.The resulting time slices, presented for each land-use category at 5-min (∼9 km) spatial resolution, allow for the quantification of land-use changes in this region for biogeochemical, demographic and economic models. Several foci of agricultural change existed within Brazilian Amazônia during this period: in the state of Pará, cropland was lost and planted pasture increased markedly; in Mato Grosso, both cropland and planted pasture increased; in Rondônia, planted pasture replacing forest was the primary route to agricultural expansion.     

一种应用于设施农业的有源RFID系统设计

设计了一种应用于设施农业的有源RFID系统。系统选用TI公司的超低功耗芯片CC430,利用分布在设施农业大棚中的各个有源RFID系统标签节点,来监控作物生长的各种环境因素。同时,设计了上层应用软件,能有效实时的将各个标签捕获的信息存储并显示,并参照一些农作物生长模型合理提醒报警。     

A model of ammonia volatilisation from a dairy farm: an examination of abatement strategies

A model (MAST) to calculate the mass flow of NH₃ through amodel dairy farm has been developed. Updated emission factors for UKagriculturewere used to examine different abatement strategies available for a typicaldairy farm. A range of annual NH₃ emissions was calculated for bothslurry and FYM based dairy systems. Emission for the slurry based system ranged between 27 kg NH₃-N ha^–1 yr^–1, achieved using a combination of abatementstrategies, and 107 kg NH₃-N ha^–1 yr^–1, calculated for a worst casescenario. For FYM, this range was between 33 and 86 kg NH₃-Nha^–1 yr^–1. The greatest reductionswereachieved by manipulating options linked to fertiliser usage and manureapplication.     

Complex patterns of phosphorus delivery in the Lake of the Woods watershed

Lake of the Woods (LoW) is a large, transboundary lake that continues to experience harmful algal blooms despite large declines in phosphorus (P) inputs from point sources. Tributary runoff is considered the largest source of P to the lake; however, there are few monitoring data within the Canadian portion of the basin (～60% of total area), to guide management. To address this gap, we monitored five rivers of contrasting land use within the lower Rainy River region, an acknowledged “hot spot” of P delivery in the basin. Total P (TP) concentrations were consistently high at all five rivers (volume-weighted range: 19–215 μg/l) despite differences in agriculture across sites (7–27%), suggesting ‘natural’ background P levels are high in this landscape. Furthermore, TP concentrations were strongly correlated with total suspended sediment and geogenic metals, iron (Fe) and aluminum, and TP was especially high during events (>400 μg/l) indicating erosion is an important source of P delivery. However, equally high TP and Fe during periods of slow, stagnant flow in the summer and under winter ice suggest erosion is not the only source of P. Instead, we suggest redox release of P from streambed sediment is also important. This observation is significant, because internal P release within the tributaries, especially during the summer could ‘seed’ downstream algal blooms. The strong sensitivity of TP to both high and low flow conditions indicates that frequent, all-season, multi-year measurements are needed to understand the mechanisms of P delivery in this basin.     

农业网络信息资源的快速查询

农业网络信息资源存在的五种主要形式：学科信息门户网站、图书馆的网络导航体系、农业类学术机构网站、农业学科专业论坛、农业专家个人主页或博客。     

农林高校电气类专业教学改革与思政探索

在以德为先的教育背景下,高校意识形态问题是人才培养的关键。如何将课程思政的思想以专业知识为载体巧妙渗透到课堂中,是未来高等教育需要思考的重要问题。本文基于农林高校电气类专业实际情况,深入挖掘具有思政元素且特色鲜明的电气专业教学体系,提出面向“三农需求”的“一主线、四段式、八深入”课程体系改革融入构架,并给出以“林区新能源发电技术”为例的课程思政改革方案实例。     

Object-based crop identification using multiple vegetation indices, textural features and crop phenology

Crop identification on specific parcels and the assessment of soil management practices are important for agro-ecological studies, greenhouse gas modeling, and agrarian policy development. Traditional pixel-based analysis of remotely sensed data results in inaccurate identification of some crops due to pixel heterogeneity, mixed pixels, spectral similarity, and crop pattern variability. These problems can be overcome using object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques, which incorporate new spectral, textural and hierarchical features after segmentation of imagery. We combined OBIA and decision tree (DT) algorithms to develop a methodology, named Object-based Crop Identification and Mapping (OCIM), for a multi-seasonal assessment of a large number of crop types and field status.In our approach, we explored several vegetation indices (VIs) and textural features derived from visible, near-infrared and short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands of ASTER satellite scenes collected during three distinct growing-season periods (mid-spring, early-summer and late-summer). OCIM was developed for 13 major crops cultivated in the agricultural area of Yolo County in California, USA. The model design was built in four different scenarios (combinations of three or two periods) by using two independent training and validation datasets and the best DTs resulted in an error rate of 9% for the three-period model and between 12 and 16% for the two-period models. Next, the selected DT was used for the thematic classification of the entire cropland area and mapping was then evaluated applying the confusion matrix method to the independent testing dataset that reported 79% overall accuracy. OCIM detected intra-class variations in most crops attributed to variability from local crop calendars, tree-orchard structures and land management operations. Spectral variables (based on VIs) contributed around 90% to the models, although textural variables were necessary to discriminate between most of the permanent crop-fields (orchards, vineyard, alfalfa and meadow). Features extracted from late-summer imagery contributed around 60% in classification model development, whereas mid-spring and early-summer imagery contributed around 30 and 10%, respectively. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to identify the main groups of crops based on the presence and vigor of green vegetation within the fields, contributing around 50% to the models. In addition, other VIs based on SWIR bands were also crucial to crop identification because of their potential to detect field properties like moisture, vegetation vigor, non-photosynthetic vegetation and bare soil. The OCIM method was built using interpretable rules based on physical properties of the crops studied and it was successful for object-based feature selection and crop identification.     

基于生态足迹法的镇赉县生态环境现状评价

吉林省镇赉县位于我国北方农牧交错带,作为一个国家商品粮基地,农业发展的比重大。为了探讨镇赉县生态环境现状和资源消耗特点以及农牧交错带在承担外来资源压力转移方面的作用,应用生态足迹法对镇赉县2010年生物资源生产数据和能源消费数据进行了分析,结果表明镇赉县农牧业发展在资源利用中占主要地位,农牧业生产中大部分产品用于对外销售,因此该地区承担了巨大的外来资源压力转移,已经出现生态赤字。进一步分析还发现,为推动农业发展,当地通过扩大耕地面积来解决粮食产量低、无复种的问题,因此占用其他土地类型,这些活动过度干扰了生态环境,加剧了镇赉县生态环境的恶化。