Is evidence-based practice diverse enough? Philosophy of science considerations.

In its policy rationale for evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP), the APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (see record 2006-05893-001) claims to have constituted itself with "scientists and practitioners from a wide range of perspectives and traditions, reflecting the diverse perspectives within the field" (p. 273). We applaud this attention to diversity but contend that an entire perspective of the debate was omitted in the Task Force's newly approved policy and its underlying report. The failure to consider a philosophy of science perspective led the Task Force to make a number of epistemological assumptions that are not based on evidence or rationale and that thus violate the very spirit of evidence-based decision making. In this comment, we reveal a few of these assumptions and discuss their detrimental consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? Implications for conceptualizing their etiology.

The authors explore the extent to which eating disorders, specifically anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), represent culture-bound syndromes and discuss implications for conceptualizing the role genes play in their etiology. The examination is divided into 3 sections: a quantitative meta-analysis of changes in incidence rates since the formal recognition of AN and BN, a qualitative summary of historical evidence of eating disorders before their formal recognition, and an evaluation of the presence of these disorders in non-Western cultures. Findings suggest that BN is a culture-bound syndrome and AN is not. Thus, heritability estimates for BN may show greater variability cross-culturally than heritability estimates for AN, and the genetic bases of these disorders may be associated with differential pathoplasticity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

金属－橡胶硫化粘接过程中分子取向行为的间接证据

对金属－橡胶热硫化粘接复合体的剥离行为进行了研究，同一粘接试样的双向１８０°剥离试验显示出了巨大的差异。本文分析了弹性材料在硫化过程中的分子行为，并提出了相应的新假设，认为这是由于金属－橡胶在硫化粘接过程中分子取向交联行为所致。这种双向１８０°剥离破坏现象可被看作是金属－橡胶硫化粘接过程中分子取向行为的间接证据。     

Can being scared cause tummy aches? Naive theories, ambiguous evidence, and preschoolers' causal inferences.

Causal learning requires integrating constraints provided by domain-specific theories with domain-general statistical learning. In order to investigate the interaction between these factors, the authors presented preschoolers with stories pitting their existing theories against statistical evidence. Each child heard 2 stories in which 2 candidate causes co-occurred with an effect. Evidence was presented in the form: AB→E; CA→E; AD→E; and so forth. In 1 story, all variables came from the same domain; in the other, the recurring candidate cause, A, came from a different domain (A was a psychological cause of a biological effect). After receiving this statistical evidence, children were asked to identify the cause of the effect on a new trial. Consistent with the predictions of a Bayesian model, all children were more likely to identify A as the cause within domains than across domains. Whereas 3.5-year-olds learned only from the within-domain evidence, 4- and 5-year-olds learned from the cross-domain evidence and were able to transfer their new expectations about psychosomatic causality to a novel task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

导线物证的扫描电镜及能谱鉴定方法

对导线物证同一性的鉴定，可先用X射线能谱仪快速确定物证为同一物的必要条件，再用扫描电镜对物证的特征条纹或金相组织进行最后判定。该方法简便，可靠。     

A new DSmT combination rule in open frame of discernment and its application

A new combination rule based on Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT) is proposed to deal with the conflict evidence resulting from the non-exhaustivity of the discernment frame. A two-dimensional measure factor in Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) is extended to DSmT to judge the conflict degree between evidence. The original DSmT combination rule or new DSmT combination rule can be selected for fusion according to this degree. Finally, some examples in simultaneous fault diagnosis of motor rotor are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed combination rule.     

一种新的坡位定量描述方法及其与滑坡发生的关系

滑坡发生与地形因子的关系是区域滑坡静态规律研究的重点,但以往的研究多注重考虑其与反映几何形态的基本地形属性因子(几何形态属性因子)之间的关系,如坡度和坡向等。首先提出一种新的基于子流域内相对位置定量描述坡位(相对位置因子)的方法,并以温州地区瓯江流域1990~2001年发生的滑坡为研究对象,使用证据权法对比滑坡发生与两种不同类型地形因子之间的关系。结果表明,相对位置因子与滑坡发生的相关性大于滑坡危险性评价经常使用的几何形态属性因子;并且滑坡大多发生在定量坡位值较低的区域,这些地区处在下游,遭受流水侵蚀的强度更大、频率更高。     

手机规范取证研究

着立法滞后,规范等问题,取证的方法．在司法实践中,涉及到手机的案件越来越多,手机取证的重要性日益突出,但在取证中却存在移动通信技术检验机构不完善,缺少高素质的取证人员,技术落后,缺乏取证的意识和流程不阻碍了手机电子证据在司法实践中的应用。文章针对手机取证中存在的问题,探讨了规范手机为手机取证的规范化提供理论参考。     

计算机便携式取证系统的设计与实现

目前,以计算机信．g-系统为犯罪对象和工具的新型犯罪活动越来越多,造成的危害也越来越大。侦破这些案件必须要用到计算机取证技术,而电子证据本身和取证过程有许多不同于传统物证和取证的特点,给司法工作和信息安全领域都提出了新的挑战。为此,文章设计开发了一款基于WindowsPE系统的便捷、实用、安全、有效的计算机便携式取证系统。电子证据的收集与处理是通过内置于u盘的WindowsPE系统来完成的;利用OpenSSL提供的编程接口和PKI相关技术实现对电子证据的保密、认证与保存等功能。最后通过测试与分析,表明该系统能实现对电子证据的收集、处理和电子证据的安全有效保存。