柴达木盆地冰川变化遥感监测

采用MODIS标准数据产品中的MCD12Q1数据集对柴达木盆地2001—2012年的冰川面积进行提取、统计、分析,并结合夏季平均气温、年降水量等气象资料分析冰川面积变化的原因。结果表明:柴达木盆地冰川面积总体呈增大趋势,平均增速为85 km2/a;各流域冰川面积也呈增大趋势,那棱郭勒乌图美仁区增大趋势最为明显,平均增速为35km2/a;茫崖和小灶火气象站的夏季平均气温呈略降低趋势,年降水量呈增加趋势,这是冰川面积变化的主要原因。     

Benchmarking classifiers to optimally integrate terrain analysis and multispectral remote sensing in automatic rock glacier detection

The performance improvements that can be achieved by classifier selection and by integrating terrain attributes into land cover classification are investigated in the context of rock glacier detection. While exposed glacier ice can easily be mapped from multispectral remote-sensing data, the detection of rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers is a challenge for multispectral remote sensing. Motivated by the successful use of digital terrain analysis in rock glacier distribution models, the predictive performance of a combination of terrain attributes derived from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) digital elevation models and Landsat ETM+ data for detecting rock glaciers in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA, is assessed. Eleven statistical and machine-learning techniques are compared in a benchmarking exercise, including logistic regression, generalized additive models (GAM), linear discriminant techniques, the support vector machine, and bootstrap-aggregated tree-based classifiers such as random forests. Penalized linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) yields mapping results that are significantly better than all other classifiers, achieving a median false-positive rate (mFPR, estimated by cross-validation) of 8.2% at a sensitivity of 70%, i.e. when 70% of all true rock glacier points are detected. The GAM and standard linear discriminant analysis were second best (mFPR: 8.8%), followed by polyclass. For comparison, the predictive performance of the best three techniques is also evaluated using (1) only terrain attributes as predictors (mFPR: 13.1-14.5% for best three techniques), and (2), only Landsat ETM+ data (mFPR: 19.4-22.7%), yielding significantly higher mFPR estimates at a 70% sensitivity. The mFPR of the worst three classifiers was by about one-quarter higher compared to the best three classifiers, and the combination of terrain attributes and multispectral data reduced the mFPR by more than one-half compared to remote sensing only. These results highlight the importance of combining remote-sensing and terrain data for mapping rock glaciers and other debris-covered ice and choosing the optimal classifier based on unbiased error estimators. The proposed benchmarking methodology is more generally suitable for comparing the utility of remote-sensing algorithms and sensors.     

冰川水和五脉绿绒蒿提取物的美容功效研究

研究了冰川水和五脉绿绒蒿提取物对人真皮成纤维细胞(HDF-a)的作用。采用MTT法检测了冰川水和五脉绿绒蒿提取物对HDF-a增殖活性的影响,利用荧光试剂盒检测了二者对HDF-a内ATP水平的影响,利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测了二者对HDF-a细胞外基质中透明质酸含量的影响,利用Western Blot法研究了二者对HDF-a细胞外基质中Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白表达的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,冰川水处理后HDF-a增殖速度加快、代谢水平提高、透明质酸含量上升、弹性蛋白表达上调,且差异有统计学意义。五脉绿绒蒿提取物对HDF-a的作用在上述方面更为明显,同时可以促进Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达。二者共同作用时效果更为显著。     

1966～2015年长江源冰川融水变化及其对径流的影响 ——以冬克玛底河流域为例

气候变暖改变了长江源的冰冻圈,影响了当地的生态系统。采用HydroGeoSphere（HGS）水文模型,对长江源区冬克玛底河流域冰川融水进行了模拟研究,以评估气候变暖背景下冰川融水径流对流域水资源的影响。利用研究区周围4个气象站点的资料,采用多元回归和插值方法重建了1966~2015年气象数据,并采用2005~2006年的实测流量数据对模型模拟结果进行了验证,表明模型有一定的可信度。结果显示：① 过去50 a,冬克玛底河流域的平均物质平衡为-151 mm/a,冰川物质累积亏损为7.55 m,温度升高对冰川的影响超过降雨增加的影响;② 物质平衡与降水呈现正相关,与正积温和冰川融水为负相关;③ 过去50 a,冬克玛底河流域总径流量、冰川区产流量、非冰川区产流量都呈现增加趋势,其中增加的总径流量的25%为降水增加所致,75%为气温升高导致冰川消融所致。研究结果可为气候变暖背景下长江源的保护提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

中间件Ice中消息服务的技术研究及改进

通过对发布/订阅机制和防火墙解决方案的研究,提出了一种新的消息服务IceStorm改进方法。该方法利用Ice本身的防火墙服务Glacier,将其与原有IceStorm服务相结合放在同一台PC机上,同时将与Glacier的服务器端点对应的服务器也移到同台PC机上,整个作为传输服务器,使IceStorm服务能顺利穿越局域网防火墙,最后给出了系统架构和详细的流程图。实际应用表明该方法能够有效地解决企业局域网内部客户无法订阅的问题。     

和田河流域冰川径流对气候变化响应的模拟分析

为模拟和田河流域上游冰川径流,构建了嵌入冰川模块的SWAT模型,并基于实测径流数据及冰川编目数据对模型进行校正与验证,定量分析了和田河流域上游冰川径流的变化趋势及其对出山径流的贡献和对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:1967—2017年玉龙喀什河流域多年平均冰川径流量为11.02亿m³,冰川径流对出山径流的贡献率为48.7％,喀拉喀什河流域多年平均冰川径流量为9.51亿m³,冰川径流贡献率为45.5％;在0.01显著性水平下,玉龙喀什河流域气温与降水量均呈显著上升趋势,喀拉喀什河流域气温呈显著上升趋势,降水量呈不显著上升趋势;气候变化背景下,两条支流由于地理位置、冰川特征等的不同,导致两条支流的径流响应呈现较大差异,玉龙喀什河流域冰川径流量呈显著增加趋势,而冰川径流对出山径流的贡献率呈显著下降趋势,喀拉喀什河流域冰川径流量与冰川径流贡献率均呈不显著增加趋势。     

中国东北第四纪冰川研究新进展:遗迹厘定、新发现与冰期模式

东北是否发育第四纪冰川及其范围、性质与冰期问题,始终没有定论。在对长白山及大兴安岭冰川遗迹厘定基础上,进行了专项调查,并采用地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)及全球定位系统(GPS)的3S技术,采取钻探测图、孢粉、泥砾粒度与渗透性分析及¹⁴C定年等方法,在长白山及大兴安岭发现了冰蚀谷及泥砾堆积等新的冰川遗迹,进一步肯定了两座山地第四纪冰川的存在及其多期性。在小兴安岭首次发现冰蚀岩墙等冰川遗迹,填补了研究空白,证明小兴安岭也曾发育第四纪冰川。综合多种信息,确定长白山与大兴安岭分别有4次冰期和3次间冰期,小兴安岭至少有1次冰期。最后构建了可以与国际对比的冰期序列,重建了区域第四纪冰川环境演化模式:早更新世早期冷干,中晚期偏暖湿; 中更新世早期冷湿,中晚期暖湿; 晚更新世早期冷稍湿,中期暖湿,晚期冷干。     

大通河降雨径流关系演变与水资源衰减初步研究

大通河位于祁连山区,开发利用程度低,实测径流基本为天然径流,1956—2000年平均径流量28.95亿m~3。在全球气候变暖的背景下,降雨-径流关系发生了明显的改变,以水文气象要素明显的分界点1997年进行分时段比较,汛前径流明显衰减,汛后上游径流明显增加,中下游径流有一定减少,年均水资源减少1.72亿m~3。选择受冰川融水和冻土释水影响较小的中下游区间来水分析,得到蒸发增加减少径流深38 mm。基于上中游分阶段径流比较认为,枯季径流的增加来自冻结层下水的稳定释水,春季径流的减少由季节性冻土释水疏干和陆面蒸发增加导致,夏秋季径流的增加主要是冰川融水和冻结层上水转化成冻结层下水减少沼泽消耗所致。综合分析认为,随着气温的继续升高,冰川融水消失,冻结层上水进一步转化,伴随着源头沼泽的消失,冻结层下水的增加对蒸发增加引起的水资源衰减有所缓减。     

极端生态环境水循环关键参量监测技术研究现状与进展

针对高寒和干旱极端生态环境水循环变化对国家生态安全的重要性,需要开展水循环关键参量监测设备与技术研究。本文重点围绕水循环关键参量野外原位/移动/非接触式、自动、稳定监测等技术难点,开展了一系列监测生态系统水-土-气-冰-雪的关键参量的新技术设备研究。通过构建基于物联网的天地一体化生态系统监测体系,打破行业技术壁垒,促进工程技术、地质学、计算机科学等不同领域的跨学科合作,共同开展极端生态环境水循环关键参量监测技术研究与创新,并将实现对重要生态功能区的大范围、全天候、立体化监测,对推进我国生态文明建设具有重要支撑作用,促进并实现我国生态监测技术的综合应用和发展。     

Stream temperature dynamics within a New Zealand glacierized river basin

Knowledge of river thermal dynamics for glacierized basins is limited, despite the high sensitivity of these systems to climatic change/variability. This study examined spatio‐temporal water column and streambed temperature dynamics within a New Zealand glacierized river basin over two melt seasons. Water column temperature was recorded at three sites along the mainstem channel and four hillslope/groundwater‐fed tributaries. Air temperature, precipitation and stream discharge were monitored to characterize hydroclimatological conditions. Streambed temperature was monitored at the upper and lower main river sites at 0.05, 0.2 and 0.4 m depth. Water column temperature rose on average 0.6°C km^?1 along the glacier‐fed mainstem. Temperature was elevated during warmer periods but the downstream increase was reduced due to greater meltwater production (consequently a larger total stream flow volume for atmospheric heating) plus a proportional reduction in warmer groundwater contributions. Hillslope/groundwater‐fed tributaries yielded a range of temperature patterns, indicating variable sourcing (meltwater or rainfall) and residence times. In the upper basin, streambed temperature was warmer than the water column, suggesting groundwater upwelling; however, during high runoff events, water column and streambed temperature converged, indicating downwelling/heat advection by channel water. At the lower site, streambed temperature mirrored the water column, suggesting greater surface water/atmospheric influences. Key drivers of stream thermal regime were: (1) relative water source contributions, (2) prevailing hydroclimatological conditions, (3) distance from source, (4) total stream flow volume and (5) basin factors (specifically, valley/channel geomorphology and riparian forest). High magnitude precipitation events produced a contrasting stream thermal response to that reported elsewhere. In contrast to European alpine research, streams showed a reduced thermal range owing to the relatively mild, wet melt season climate. This New Zealand case study highlights the importance of understanding basin‐specific modification of energy and hydrological fluxes for accurate prediction of stream thermal dynamics/habitat and ecological response to climatic variability and change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.