生态系统动态平衡下的重庆坡地公共建筑底层架空设 计初探

重庆传统坡地建筑接地布局方式是对当地特有的地形气候需求及材料构造因素的回应。然而伴随不断加速的城市化进程,现阶段建筑底层架空设计暴露出诸多问题。需着眼于更为宏观的生态建筑学理论,视坡地建筑及其环境为人工生态系统,以维持坡地生态系统动态平衡态为目标。再进一步把建筑与环境、能量与物质循环两方面作为切入点,从建筑使用者为主体的角度出发,深入探讨营造开放底层空间、调节架空区域微气候的新型生态设计策略。     

The borders of mobile handset ecosystems: Is coopetition inevitable?

Today, the mobile phone industry witnesses important changes, shifting from a value chain to a burgeoning business ecosystem. This paper deals with the relationships that are at the very core of mobile OS ecosystems for IMTs (smartphones and PDA): Microsoft-OS, Symbian-OS, Palm-OS and RIM-OS over the period 1998–2006. Our study confirms that an ecosystem’s borders are unclear. More than half of our sample’ relationships are shared by at least two different ecosystems. The ecosystems we studied do not differ in terms of exclusive relationship which suggests that coopetitive strategies are particularly relevant in mobile platforms war.     

Underground water resources in Kazakhstan

The assessment of natural resources and the ecological demand for underground water in Kazakhstan is based on a water-balance equation which considers underground lateral flow, hydrogeoecological regions and river basins. We propose a methodology to estimate the underground water resource for this region. The flow of water in all the rivers of Kazakhstan is estimated at 102.3 km³/year, of which 57.6 km³/year originates in the territory of the country, and 44.7 km³/year in the adjacent countries. With potential increase of the underground water usage up to 15.5 km³/year, the surface water volume could be decreased to 5 km³/year. Optimization of water resource use should be based on the introduction of the water-efficient process of reinjecting and recycling the water supply in all branches of industry, and a reduction in losses during distribution.     

Visualising Ecological Literacy

For over two decades, ecological literacy has sought to integrate foundational premises for addressing environmental problems. Here Jody Boehnert of EcoLabs explains how she has developed graphics resources and tools for designers in order for them to understand the perceptual shifts that are necessary to learn the causality and complexity of ecology and how it is embedded in human relations.     

A smart classifier for extracting environmental data from digital image time-series: Applications for PhenoCam data in a tidal salt marsh

PhenoCams are part of a national network of automated digital cameras used to assess vegetation phenology transitions. Effectively analyzing PhenoCam time-series involves eliminating scenes with poor solar illumination or high cover of non-target objects such as water. We created a smart classifier to process images from the “GCESapelo” PhenoCam, which photographs a regularly-flooded salt marsh. The smart classifier, written in R, assigns pixels to target (vegetation) and non-target (water, shadows, fog and clouds) classes, allowing automated identification of optimal scenes for evaluating phenology. When compared to hand-classified validation images, the smart classifier identified scenes with optimal vegetation cover with 96% accuracy and other object classes with accuracies ranging from 86 to 100%. Accuracy for estimating object percent cover ranged from 74 to 100%. Pixel-classification with the smart classifier outperformed previous approaches (i.e. indices based on average color content within ROIs) and reduced variance in phenology index time-series. It can be readily adapted for other applications.     

Ecological characteristics and management of geothermal systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand

New Zealand has an array of geothermal systems with distinctive ecological features, with many occurring in the Taupo Volcanic Zone in the Central North Island. Associated with these geothermal features are characteristic geophysical and geochemical components, and distinctive terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with many attributes that are common across a range of the biotic groups. Zonation amongst vegetation communities is closely related to soil temperature and these associations generally occur in a predictable sequence along the soil temperature gradient. Similarly, clear distinctions in aquatic flora and fauna occur longitudinally downstream from the source of thermal springs and vertically on geyser mounds.     

Spatial variation in zooplankton community structure is related to hydrologic flow units in the Missouri river,USA

Zooplankton are a vital link in the food webs of large rivers, and their communities are shaped by both local environmental features and advection. In the Missouri River, flow characteristics naturally change along its length, but human modifications to facilitate commercial transport have altered natural flow in many sections of the river. We evaluated the effect of flow on zooplankton community structure at multiple spatial scales, and used multivariate analyses to evaluate the relative importance of flow and local abiotic environment on these communities. During July–September 2005, zooplankton samples and physico‐chemical measures were collected from the Missouri River main channel at 78 sites over a 2831 km range (Montana to Missouri). We identified a total of 30 cladoceran species, 22 copepod species and 27 rotifer genera, and we detected highly significant differences in zooplankton community structure among hydrologically distinct flow units and larger spatial zones. At the local scale, crustacean zooplankton and rotifers responded differently in the analyses. For copepods and cladocerans, distance from the nearest upstream reservoir explained more of the overall community pattern of the river than any other combination of environmental factors, reflecting the influence of dams on the zooplankton community of the Missouri River. For rotifers, a combination of flow characteristics due to impoundment and channelization and local environment (temperature) was important. Our study indicates that, because of the overwhelming effect of flow on zooplankton communities, hydrology must first be taken into account before zooplankton can be used as bioindicators of other environmental stresses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绿色摩天楼的设计与规划

在未来的建筑设计中,遵循生态原则是必然趋势,实践证明摩天楼较分散式城市布局更具生态上的合理性。生态设计的原则是以人为核心,最大限度地提高能源和材料的使用效率,减少建设和使用过程中对环境的污染。在总体布局上,将建筑与道路尽量安排在生态压力最小的位置上。在能源利用上强调被动式系统优先于主动系统,因为被动式系统充分利用了自然通风与自然采光。平面形式以表面积最小为宜,采用方形其空调负荷相对最小,并有利于对太阳能的控制。其服务核以双核布置形式为最佳。将建筑的外墙当作环境的过滤器设计。采用竖向绿化,设置屋顶花园、空中庭园,以调节室内外小气侯。建筑材料和能源的选择要考虑其再利用的可能性和耗能的大小。生态摩天楼一般能节约整个建筑生命周期中20～40％的能源消耗。     

Earth observations for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems

Earth observations, comprising satellite, aerial, and in situ systems, are increasingly recognized as critical observations for monitoring the Earth system and systems. Earth observation data are especially needed to fulfil the requirements of a host of international treaties and conventions, and to provide data and information to support conservation and resource management. The Group on Earth Observations, GEO was established to implement the Global Earth Observing Systems of Systems, GEOSS, which includes in its mandate the protection of ecosystems — Improving the management and protection of terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems, and understanding, monitoring, and conserving biodiversity. This Special Issue focuses on Earth observations for terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. As such, it is a sampler of remote sensing assessments of the status and trends of biodiversity (species), and ecosystems.     

Prototyping a Park—Landscape Design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg,Sweden

The design of Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg, Sweden runs on two parallel tracks—a permanent park will be completed and opened in late 2021, and before that a series of temporary parks and installations had been set up during several public workshops since 2014. The gradual evolution of the site allows ecosystems to adapt and invites the public to leave their imprint on the park through not only directly building and planting, but even more importantly, indirectly voicing their interests and desires which impacts the final design of the permanent park. With a focus on the existing fragile ruderal and coastal ecosystems, as well as the socio-cultural heritage of the site, a 1:1 scale landscape laboratory—the Shoreline Park—was built up together with the public. It allowed for testing new materials, work methods, planting and maintenance techniques that would then be used in the permanent Play & Learn Park. The design process also highlights the need for a closer collaboration between landscape architects and maintenance staff to achieve the sustainability goals and the aesthetic value of the park over a longer period, as well as the importance of landscape architects’ continuous involvement in park maintenance and the use of digital tools. The project also adopted geotechnic infrastructure to create a gently sloping wetland and proposed a mixed planting plan of indigenous species, natural succession and exotics to address climate change, and to create preconditions for high biodiversity even in the long term. Through such prototyping and testing, the wider public, maintenance staff, and experts got engaged in this project, which initiated a dialogue about the persistence in landscape between urban ecosystems, wildscapes, and aesthetics.